Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Lee, Sung Ki; Lee, Jae-Ho; Kim, Young‐Ho

doi:10.1007/s11664-007-0280-8

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Figure represents the FE-SEM images of zinc deposits in the representative electrolytes. Sulfate-based electrolytes 1 and 2 yielded leaf-like deposits, as shown in Figure a,b, respectively, in accordance with the previous reports on similar electrolyte solutions. − On the other hand, hexagonal crystallites were stacked layer-by-layer in KOH-based electrolytes (Figure c,d), in line with previous reports. − It is noteworthy that the sulfate-based electrolytes provide a lower corrosion rate despite the relatively larger surface area of the Zn deposits compared to the case of KOH-based electrolytes. This observation suggests that the corrosion rate is determined by other dominant factors other than the surface area or morphology.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

A Chronocoulometric Method to Measure the Corrosion Rate on Zinc Metal Electrodes

Kwon

Kim

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Research studies on zinc metal-based batteries have attracted considerable attention as a candidate for post-lithium-ion batteries. Zinc is one of the few metal anodes that is compatible with aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, providing a large theoretical capacity of 820 mAh g −1 . However, in aqueous electrolytes, the zinc metal anode suffers from hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), by which zinc is irreversibly consumed or corroded continually. Exact estimation of the corrosion rate has been a challenge in the development of Zn-based batteries. Measurement of the corrosion rate by conventional Tafel analysis meets serious problems because the cathodic current reflects deposition of Zn metal as well as HER, inhibiting exact measurement of the corrosion rate. Herein, we developed a chronocoulometric "deposition-rest-dissolution" method to quantify the corrosion rate without such interference from the deposition of Zn. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of the rate of chemical corrosion of Zn in aqueous electrolytes with various pH and concentration values. The "deposition-rest-dissolution" method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed that saturated ZnSO 4 (ca. 3.2 M) + 0.075 M Li 2 SO 4 delivers the lowest corrosion rate compared to the other electrolytes, probably because the activity of water in such a concentrated electrolyte is low enough to suppress the kinetics of HER. Moreover, this method can be generally applied to determine the rate of chemical corrosion on various metal electrodes.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

A Chronocoulometric Method to Measure the Corrosion Rate on Zinc Metal Electrodes

Kwon

Kim

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Steel-based materials were selected to study the properties of zinc deposit [36]. Aluminum was also utilized in studies involving zincate reaction processes [37] and zinc nucleation and growth [38]. Inspired by its use in the treatment of cast alloys, Al-Si was studied in its relation to zincate chemistry and the precipitation sequence of Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in zincate solution [39].…”

Section: Negative and Positive Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the effect of electrode substrate has to be seriously considered for the morphology control of zinc deposit. Dendrite deposition was investigated on glassy carbon [42], carbon [123], porous carbon foam [32], Ni [124], zinc powder [26], aluminum [38], Cu, Au, Cd, Pb, Tl, Sn, In [40,41], Al-Si [39], Ag [125,126] and steel [36]. Lead and cadmium substrates were also reported as those facilitating dramatically zinc dendrite formation [40,41].The effect of different factors, such as electrode surface preparation, grit size of sandpaper during polishing, electrolyte impurities and so on, on the morphology of zinc deposited on different high-purity zinc electrodes was categorized and well-documented in the report of Wang et al [118].…”

Section: Zinc Deposition and Morphology Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells—A review

Zhu

Wilkinson

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Energy Storage

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Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) present a promising energy source with a competing potential with the lithium-ion battery and even with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for applications in next generation electrified transport and energy storage. The regeneration of zinc is essential for developing the next-generation, i.e., electrochemically rechargeable ZAFCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view on both theoretical and industrial platforms already built hitherto, with focus on electrode materials, electrode and electrolyte additives, solution chemistry, zinc deposition reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and electrochemical zinc regeneration systems. The related technological challenges and their possible solutions are described and discussed.A summary of important R&D patents published within the recent 10 years is also presented. * Corresponding authors. Email: xinge.zhang@ nrc-cnrc.gc.ca (X. Zhang); skulinich@tokai-u.jp (S.A. Kulinich)

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“…Although solderablity of the Al electrode can be realized by photolithography wafer process combined with electroplating, evaporation, zincate pretreatment, and Ni electroless deposition followed by Au electroless plating, single chip with Al electrode is unsuitable [11,12]. Further, the process is complex and cost-ineffective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soldering of non-wettable Al electrode using Au-based solder

2013

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In manufacturing three-dimensional SiC power modules, the Al electrode of SiC power devices should be soldered to the substrate. However, the Al electrode is difficult to be bonded by a solder due to the naturally formed aluminum oxide on it. In this paper, we describe an effective approach for soldering the non-wettable Al electrode by fabricating a Au-stud bump in the Al electrode together with a Au-20 wt% Sn or Au-12 wt% Ge solder. The soldering initiated at the Au bump and spreaded on the Al electrode. The soldering featured as reactive wetting, realized by the reaction of liquid Au in the Au-base solder and the Al electrode. The activation energy of the Au-20 wt% Sn soldering the Al electrode was Q =159 kJ/mol. A continuous Au 4 Al layer formed at the Au-20 wt% Sn bond interface. The shear strength exceeded 60 MPa, ∼1 order magnitude higher than the required shear strength. For the bond with Au-12 wt% Ge solder on the Al electrode with a Au bump, the liquid Au-12 wt% Ge solder reacted with the solid Al electrode and formed a Au-Ge-Al solid solution after solidification. The shear strength of the Au-12 wt% Ge solder on the Al electrode with a Au bump was beyond 50 MPa. Little electrical characteristics of the SiC-SBD changed after the Al electrode was bonded to a circuit substrate using this technology.

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Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

A Chronocoulometric Method to Measure the Corrosion Rate on Zinc Metal Electrodes

A Chronocoulometric Method to Measure the Corrosion Rate on Zinc Metal Electrodes

Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells—A review

Soldering of non-wettable Al electrode using Au-based solder

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