npd gene functions of Rhodococcus (opacus) erythropolis HL PM-1 in the initial steps of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol degradation b bThe GenBank accession number for the sequence reported in this paper is AF435009.

Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions

“…The F 420 H 2 generated from the reduction of secondary alcohols (e.g., isopropanol, butan-2-ol) to ketones (e.g., acetone, butanone) is, in turn, used to sustain the CO 2 -reducing pathway of methanogenesis and other cellular reductive processes (271,272). Adf belongs to the bacterial luciferase superfamily (TIM barrel protein fold), which also includes other F 420 -dependent enzymes Fgd (163), Mer (48), and Fht (155). As with other enzymes of the luciferase superfamily, crystallographic analysis shows that Adf from Methanoculleus thermophilicus is dimeric, containing a nonprolyl cis peptide bond toward the Re-face of F 420 that keeps the 5-deazaflavin rings in a bent "butterfly" conformation (49).…”

“…Mycobacteria also reduce F 420 via their central catabolic pathways by using the F 420 -reducing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd), one of two entry points to the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. However, pathways also exist to reduce F 420 using other redox cofactors depending on external and internal redox states, i.e., NADP (via the F 420 -NADP oxidoreductase [Fno]) in many actinomycetes (12,155) and tetrahydromethanopterin (via methylene tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase [methylene-H 4 MPT dehydrogenase {Mtd} and methylene-H 4 MPT reductase {Mer}]) in methylotrophic methanogens (156,157). As emphasized by the central placement of F 420 in the redox ladder of Table 1, many of these reactions are physiologically reversible.…”

“…A number of actinobacteria, including Rhodococcus opacus and Nocardioides simplex, are able to mobilize picrate as their sole carbon and nitrogen source (396,398). This depends on reductive activation of these particularly electron-deficient aromatic compounds using two F 420 (155). Fno supplies the reductant for this process and is expressed from the same operon as the hydride transferases (54,155,396).…”

The methanogenic redox cofactor F420 is widely synthesized by aerobic soil bacteria

“…The reduced cofactor (F 420 H 2 ) is reported to enhance the metabolic flexibility of mycobacteria by facilitating the catalysis of a wide range of reductions of endogenous and exogenous organic compounds (Ahmed et al, 2015;Greening et al, 2016a). F 420 also has roles in antibiotic synthesis and xenobiotic degradation in species of Streptomyces (Wang et al, 2013), Rhodococcus (Heiss et al, 2002) and Nocardioides (Ebert et al, 1999).…”

Three Types of Antibiotics Produced from Rhodococcus erythropolis Strains

“…Other genera in the phylum Actinobacteria, such as Actinomadura 2) , Arthrobacter 8) , and Nocardia 23) have also been reported to produce antibiotics, though they have not been studied extensively. In the last few decades, the genus Rhodococcus, a member of Actinobacteria, has received considerable attention for its remarkable ability to degrade persistent chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 14,15) and nitrophenols 4,11) ; the industrial application of nitrile hydratase that is synthesized by the members of this genus 13) has also been investigated. Previous research has also focused on the plant and mammalian pathogenic characteristics of some species belonging to this genus 3,16) .…”