Novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease, accounting for over 200 million people affected worldwide. It is characterized by a lack of insulin secretion and/or increased cellular resistance to insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia and other metabolic disturbances. People with diabetes suffer from increased morbidity and premature mortality related to cardiovascular, microvascular and neuropathic complications. The Diabetes Control and Complication Trial (DCCT) has convincingly demonstrated the relationship of hyperglycemia to the development and progression of complications and showed that improved glycemic control reduced these complications. Although the DCCT exclusively studied patients with Type 1 diabetes, there is ample evidence to support the belief that the same relationship between metabolic control and clinical outcome exists in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, a major effort should be made to develop and implement more effective treatment regimes. This article reviews those novel drugs that have been recently introduced for the management of Type 2 diabetes, or that have reached an advanced level of study and will soon be proposed for preliminary clinical trials. They include: (i) compounds that promote the synthesis/secretion of insulin by the beta-cell; (ii) inhibitors of the alpha-glucosidase activity of the small intestine; (iii) substances that enhance the action of insulin at the level of the target tissues; and (iv) inhibitors of free fatty acid oxidation.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of a Standardized Polyherbal Mixture Used in Traditional Medicine

“…The antidiabetic effects of herbal extracts and polyherbal mixtures are mainly via induction of insulin hormone secretion, minimization of the demand for insulin, multiplication of the activity of insulin at specific tissues or cells and the inhibition of carbohydrate digestion enzyme activity [66] . Enzyme inhibition is a major factor involved in the management of diabetes and this approach has been used by many scientists for the detection of in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of selected synthetic drugs as well as natural products.…”

GC-MS Profiling, Invitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of a Novel Polyherbal Formulation

“…[15,16] The conventional treatments for diabetes include reducing the demand for insulin, stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion, enhancement of the action of insulin at the target tissues, and the inhibition of the degradation of oligo disaccharides. [7,17,18] The inhibitors of α-glucosidase represent one group of drugs introduced in the management of T2D. The enzymes summarized as α-glucosidase are responsible for the breakdown of oligo-and/or disaccharides to monosaccharides.…”

QM/MM Studies on Enzyme Catalysis and Insight into Designing of New Inhibitors by ONIOM Approach: Recent Update

“…investigated the catalytic activity of these two domains with the α‐glucosidase inhibitors [80] . Thus, understanding its catalytic mechanisms of it is essential from a therapeutic standpoint because glucosidase inhibitors are effective in delaying glucose production [81] . Therefore, it suppresses type 2 diabetes, as it regulates both glucoamylase and maltase activity [82] .…”

“…[80] Thus, understanding its catalytic mechanisms of it is essential from a therapeutic standpoint because glucosidase inhibitors are effective in delaying glucose production. [81] Therefore, it suppresses type 2 diabetes, as it regulates both glucoamylase and maltase activity. [82] In the year 1953 Koshland et al suggested the acid-base catalytic mechanism of glycoside hydrolases, via the single displacement method.…”