“…Nanocrystalline semiconductor materials have gained increased attention because of their increased activity, high surface-to-volume ratio, and unique optical and electrical properties relative to bulk materials. 1,2 In photocatalytic applications, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has received extensive research. Due to those materials' disadvantages in electron/hole recombination, their doped and composite forms have been widely synthesized and deemed successful.…”