Novel polysaccharide hybrid scaffold loaded with hydroxyapatite: Fabrication, bioactivity, and in vivo study

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to produce a novel porous scaffold for rapid in vivo bone healing behavior. Lyophilization technique was used to produce this highly porous hybrid scaffold from Na-alginate (S) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) impregnated with different concentration of hydroxyapatite (HA). After cross-linking the scaffolds, their incubation was carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 weeks at 37°C to investigate their bioactivity. A number of techniques were employed (e.g., XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and texture analyzer) to characterize the designed scaffolds. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the scaffolds increase deformation energy (182±16 J/m 3 ) and rigidity gradient (19.44±0.85 Pa) after loading with HA. Furthermore, the scaffolds were implanted in femur critical size defects (2mm) of adult male Wistar rats for 6weeks. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated impressive bioactivity and biocompatibility for the prepared scaffolds, especially those containing HA.Based on the obtained results we conclude that the designed scaffolds are promising solutions for bone regeneration applications.

Plant Tissues as 3D Natural Scaffolds for Adipose, Bone and Tendon Tissue Regeneration

“…Carrot-derived scaffolds are characterized by a smaller and heterogeneous porosity, related to higher mechanical properties and lower water adsorption, compared to the apple structures. In particular, the average pore size found in carrot samples is comparable to previously developed scaffolds (He et al, 2018;Pacelli et al, 2018;Tohamy et al, 2018) for bone tissue engineering. Thus, decellularized carrot tissue was addressed to bone tissue engineering and, according to the obtained mechanical properties (E carrot = 43.43 ± 5.22 kPa), non-load bearing applications were selected, such as maxillo-facial and cranial bone regeneration.…”

“…The heterogeneous structure of carrot-derived scaffolds is characterized by radially oriented pores (70 ± 12 μm average size) in the central region and round larger pores (130 ± 26 μm average size) in the peripheral region, whose dimensions are comparable to the porosity of scaffolds designed for bone tissue regeneration (e.g., collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold:( He et al, 2018 ) 50–100 μm, Na-alginate/hydroxyethylcellulose scaffold:( Tohamy et al, 2018 ) 89–217 μm, gelatin/alginate-coated β-TCP scaffold:( Pacelli et al, 2018 ) 141 ± 43 μm).…”

Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications

“…Over the past years, our group has been involved in the fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds for hard TE applications, mainly using materials of natural origin [53,100,101,102,103,104]. In particular, the use of marine resources are an alternative to extract bioactive compounds, with which resources are isolated from by-products at low cost, thus creating value from products that are considered waste for the fish transformation industry.…”

Alginic Acid Polymer-Hydroxyapatite Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…ALGH-HAP scaffolds have been prepared in conjunction with several other polymers, such as gelatin (Gel) [ 71 , 72 , 73 ], chitosan (Chit) [ 72 , 74 , 75 ], fibrin [ 76 ], polyvinyl alcohol [ 77 ], polylactic acid [ 78 , 79 ], ethyl cellulose and poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) [ 80 ] and other polymers [ 81 , 82 ]. Figure 4 shows composite ALGH-HAP scaffolds, containing Gel.…”