Novel Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical-Based Approaches for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Targeting Atherogenic Small Dense LDL

Abstract

Compelling evidence supports the causative link between increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. For that reason, the principal aim of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is to reach and sustain recommended LDL-C goals. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that shows that lowering LDL-C levels is directly associated with CVD risk reduction, recent data shows that the majority of patients across Europe cannot achieve their LDL-C targets. In attempting to address this matter, a new overarching concept of a lipid-lowering approach, comprising of even more intensive, much earlier and longer intervention to reduce LDL-C level, was recently proposed for high-risk patients. Another important concern is the residual risk for recurrent cardiovascular events despite optimal LDL-C reduction, suggesting that novel lipid biomarkers should also be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Among them, small dense LDL particles (sdLDL) seem to have the most significant potential for therapeutic modulation. This paper discusses the potential of traditional and emerging lipid-lowering approaches for cardiovascular prevention by targeting sdLDL particles.

The Interaction of Dietary Patterns and Genetic Variants on the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

“…[ 49 ] Besides, phytosterols compete for the Neiman Pick C1‐Like 1 transporter on enterocytes with exogenous intestinal cholesterol, then reducing cholesterol absorption. [ 50 ] Adiponectin plays an anti‐atherogenic role by regulating lipid metabolism, [ 51 ] and ADIPOQ is a lipid cytokine that regulates energy and substance metabolism, and the high activity of ADIPOQ gene is one of the key factors contributing to adiponectin production. [ 52 ] ADIPOQ has anti‐inflammatory and anti‐insulin resistance effects.…”