“…They are composed of a few and up to 200 atoms, having a size comparable to the Fermi wavelength, and are protected by an organic molecular ligand enriching them with molecular-like properties such as large Stoke shift and tunable intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) ( Akyüz et al, 2020 ), similar to upconversion nanocrystals ( Wang et al, 2021a ; Wang et al, 2021b ). Owing to the aforementioned characteristics, NCs show potential in various applications like cell and tissue imaging ( Liu et al, 2011 ; Chen et al, 2016 ), biolabeling ( Xu et al, 2020 ), catalysis ( Li and Jin, 2013 ), molecular identification ( Zhang et al, 2018 ), ion detection ( Ding et al, 2014 ; Hada et al, 2021c ), etc. Among the most common metal NCs (gold, silver, copper), gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) present noteworthy advantages in terms of biocompatibility and photostability ( Zuber et al, 2019 ).…”