Novel Observations of Salinity Transport in Low-Salinity Waterflooding

Abstract

Summary Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) is a promising process that could lead to increased oil recovery. To date, the greatest attention has been paid to the complex oil/water/rock chemical reactions that might explain the mechanisms of LSWF, and it is generally accepted that these result in behavior equivalent to changing oil and water mobility. This behavior is modeled using an effective salinity range and weighting function to gradually switch from high- to low-salinity relative permeability curves. There has been limited attention on physical transport of fluids during LSWF, particularly at large scale. We focus on how the salinity profile interacts with water fronts through the effective salinity range and dispersion to alter the transport behavior and change the flow velocities, particularly for the salinity profile. We examined a numerical simulation of LSWF at the reservoir scale. Various representations of the effective salinity range and weighting function were also examined. The dispersion of salinity was compared with a theoretical form of numerical dispersion based on input parameters. We also compared salinity movement with the analytical solution of the conventional dispersion/advection equation. From simulations we observed that salinity is dispersed as analytically predicted, although the advection velocity might be changed. In advection-dominated flow, the salinity profile moves at the speed of the injected water. However, as dispersion increases, the mixing zone falls under the influence of the faster-moving formation water and, thus, speeds up. To predict the salinity profile theoretically, we have modified the advection term of the analytical solution as a function of the formation- and injected-water velocities, Péclet number, and effective salinity range. This important result enables prediction of the salinity transport by this newly derived modification of the analytical solution for 1D flow. We can understand the correction to the flow behavior and quantify it from the model input parameters. At the reservoir scale, we typically simulate flow on coarse grids, which introduces numerical dispersion or must include physical dispersion from underlying heterogeneity. Corrections to the equations can contribute to improving the precision of the coarse-scale models, and, more generally, the suggested form of the correction can also be used to calculate the movement of any solute that transports across an interface between two mobile fluids. We can also better understand the relative behaviors of passive tracers and those that are adsorbed.

Effects of geochemistry and interphase transport of CO2on hybrid carbonated low salinity waterflood to improve oil recovery and CO2sequestration

“…For sandstone reservoirs, extensive studies have simulated the LSWF process coupled with wettability modification modeling. [8][9][10][14][15][16] In terms of the wettability modification modeling, numerical studies have employed the MIE theory behind the LSWF mechanism. [8][9][10] This numerical study also incorporates the mechanism of LSWF as wettability modification due to the MIE theory in sandstone reservoirs.…”

“…R ecently, low salinity waterflood (LSWF) has been developed as a novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology to improve the wetness of a reservoir. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Because LSWF is a modified version of conventional waterflood (WF), it requires relatively lower cost compared to other EOR technologies. It is also technically deployable for almost all fields that are already operated with WF.…”

“…[11][12][13] While the accurate mechanism behind LSWF is still unclear, extensive studies of numerical modeling have simulated the LSWF process incorporating the wettability modification effect and geochemical reactions. [8][9][10][14][15][16] CO 2 EOR is another promising technology to increase oil production from reservoirs. The CO 2 EOR increases oil production, incorporating some advantages such as miscibility, oil viscosity reduction, and oil swelling.…”

“…Recently, low salinity waterflood (LSWF) has been developed as a novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology to improve the wetness of a reservoir . Because LSWF is a modified version of conventional waterflood (WF), it requires relatively lower cost compared to other EOR technologies.…”

Semi-Analytical Solution of Chemical Flooding in Heterogeneous Non-Communicating Layers with a Focus on Low Salinity Water Flooding

“…Here, we present an analytical solution for models that predict two shock fronts in non-communicating layers (Lake et al 2014). We also extend the work to include the impact of dispersion (either physical or numerical) which makes the fronts non-shock like (Al-Ibadi et al 2019d) and introduces retardation as a physical phenomenon. These processes are particularly relevant to LSWF due to the relatively sharp way in which the change in salinity alters wettability.…”