Novel macaroni‐sponge‐like pore structure biomass (Zingiber officinale Rosc. leaves)‐based electrode material for excellent energy gravimetric supercapacitor

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Biomass-based porous carbon as the basic component of electrodes has received wide interest as a renewable energy storage device with high chemical-physical stability and environmental friendliness. Therefore, novel biomass waste based on Zingiber officinale Rosc./red ginger leaves was synthesized as an electrode-based carbon material with an abundance of unique macaroni-sponge-like hierarchical pore structure, as well as good chemical, physical and economic performance. Template/metal-organic framework-free red ginger leaf-based hierarchical porous carbon (RGPC) was prepared using a facile and zero-residue technique as electrode material for supercapacitor application. RESULTS: Additionally, ZnCl 2 impregnation with concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mol L −1 was utilized for increasing the active sites between electrode and electrolyte ions through interconnecting microchannels. The combination of macaroni-spongelike structure, amorphous nature, optimum specific surface area and availability of oxygen functional groups as a self-doping heteroatom of RGPC-0.3 greatly optimized the electrochemical performance of symmetric supercapacitor cells. The RGPC-0.3 electrode had an ideal specific capacitance of 215.76 F g −1 with a specific energy of 29.966 Wh kg −1 and maximum specific power of 108 W kg −1 at 1 mV s −1 in a symmetric supercapacitor system. Furthermore, a relatively good coulombic efficiency of 71.01% was obtained with a low equivalent series resistance of 0.098 Ω. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides insight into the generation of unique hierarchical porous carbon as a basic component of electrodes for energy storage applications with high electrochemical performance through the utilization of waste red ginger biomass with a simple, facile and cost-effective strategy.

Aromatic biomass (torch ginger) leaf‐derived three‐dimensional honeycomb‐like carbon to enhance gravimetric supercapacitor

“…The formed oxychloride compound reacted with elemental oxygen in the sample to form ZnOCl⋅ n Cl, where the elemental chlorine will evaporate during physical activation at high temperatures 31 . The ZnOCl compound decomposed again into ZnO⋅ n Cl and the elemental chlorine also evaporated, indicating a reduction in density, thereby increasing the porosity of the sample 32 . This ZnO compound facilitated the formation of pores in carbon materials by impregnation of ZnCl 2 33 .…”

“…31 The ZnOCl compound decomposed again into ZnOÁnCl and the elemental chlorine also evaporated, indicating a reduction in density, thereby increasing the porosity of the sample. 32 This ZnO compound facilitated the formation of pores in carbon materials by impregnation of ZnCl 2 . 33 Subsequently, CO 2 by-products evaporated when high-temperature pyrolysis produced space (pores/cavities) and a large specific surface area.…”

Novel bio-waste of Cinnamomum Verum leaves-derived carbon coin cylinder-like as sustainable electrode material for symmetrical supercapacitor

“…In recent years, there has been a surge in studies focusing on the advancement of energy storage technology, particularly in the realm of supercapacitor devices [1,2]. Supercapacitors are distinguished as high-performance energy storage units, surpassing conventional capacitors in energy density and outperforming batteries in power density.…”