Novel innate and adaptive lymphocytes: The new players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory upper airway diseases

Abstract

Host immunity (innate and adaptive immunity) plays essential roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory upper airway diseases, including allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Recently, the discovery of novel innate immune cells, particularly innate lymphoid cells, has renewed our view on the role of innate immunity in inflammatory upper airway diseases. Meanwhile, the identification of new subsets of T helper (Th) cells, including Th22, Th9 and follicular Th cells, and regulatory B cells in the adaptive immunity, has broadened our knowledge on the complex immune networks in inflammatory upper airway diseases. In this review, we focus on these newly identified innate and adaptive lymphocytes with their contributions to the immunological disturbance in allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. We further discuss the perspective for future research and potential clinical utility of regulating these novel lymphocytes for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Biological Effects of Thermal Water-Associated Hydrogen Sulfide on Human Airways and Associated Immune Cells: Implications for Respiratory Diseases

“…Cross-linking of various IgE molecules by the allergen induces mast cell activation with rapid release of various pro-inflammatory mediators which are involved in development of acute symptoms. Eosinophils and lymphocytes are also involved, being crucial to the development of chronic symptoms (138, 139). In fact, this inflammatory process disturbs some features of the nasal mucosa, since inflammation is associated with swelling of sinusoidal capacitance vessels, reduction of nasal airway passages size, and an increase in mucus production (140).…”

Chronic Rhinosinusitis, S. aureus Biofilm and Secreted Products, Inflammatory Responses, and Disease Severity

“…CRS is an inflammatory disease, and various cells, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, have been demonstrated to be involved in its immune-inflammatory network. These cells normally exert their effect by secreting various mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, and eicosanoids [ 129 ].…”

“…Endotypes of CRS are commonly characterised based on underlying immune responses and cellular differentiation, specifically CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes, and ILCs, which regulate the expression of various chemokines and cytokines [ 16 , 129 , 201 ]. The type 1 response is mainly associated with CRSsNP and is predominately defined by the increased neutrophils linked to myeloperoxidase and elevated secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α from ILC1, Tc1, and Th1 cells [ 237 , 238 ].…”

Editorial: The Spectrum of Lymphoid Subsets in Allergic Diseases: Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy

“…In recent years, the immunological mechanisms underlying allergic diseases have received increasing attention. The emerging roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and B regulatory (Breg) cells in the development of allergic diseases have been identified ( 1 , 5 , 6 ). A better understanding of the immunological mechanisms of allergic diseases is vital to developing novel therapy and biomarkers of efficacy.…”