“…Globally, ~7 × 10 7 tons of different dyes is produced annually, and more than 10,000 tons of synthetic dyes are used in TIs [8]. Besides dye molecules, textile industry wastewater (TIWW) also contains a high load of salts, alkalis, binders, dispersants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), surfactants, chlorobenzenes, reducing agents, dioxin, phthalates, phenols, pentachlorophenol, detergents and heavy metals [9][10][11]. This TIWW, if discharged directly into the water bodies, causes serious environmental threats and toxic effects in living beings.…”