Novel hydrophobization of wood by epoxidized linseed oil. Part 2. Characterization by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM, and determination of mechanical properties and field test performance

Jebrane, Mohamed; Fernández-Cano, Víctor; Panov, Dmitri; Terzıev, Nasko; Daniel, Geoffrey

doi:10.1515/hf-2014-0030

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…AA was added to the ELO emulsion and ELO/CW emulsion formulations, and thus the spectral results were more complicated than those of the CW emulsion-treated wood. The bands at 1375 and 1740 cm −1 correspond with a methoxy group and C=O, respectively [19,45]. The enhancement of band intensities at 1740 cm −1 is attributed to an intrinsic triglyceride structure and the grafting of acetic acid onto epoxidized linseed oil [19].…”

Section: Chemical Structure Analysis Using Ftir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The spectra of LO and ELO were detected by adding a drop of the oil sample on the infrared probe to investigate the chemical group. The spectra were normalized to the peak at 1460 cm −1 (CH 2 scissors deformation vibration) [19].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Epoxidized Linseed Oil (Elo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to FTIR test, the specimens were finely ground to obtain wood powder (200 mesh) and then dried at 80 • C for 2 h. The recorded spectra ranged from 4000 to 400 cm −1 with a resolution 4 cm −1 after 64 scans. The chosen normalized spectrum had a peak at 1505 cm −1 (lignin aromatic ring vibration) after measurement [19].…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Ftir) Analysis Of Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Linseed oil that has been epoxidized (ELO) may speed up oxidative polymerization [17]. Compared with wood treated with LO, ELO-treated wood has shown significant performance improvements in anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water repellency, biodegradation resistance, and leaching resistance [18][19][20]. The main improvement mechanism of ELO-modified wood was correlated to the covalent bonding to the wood cell wall after the epoxy ring opening [19,21].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Chen

Wang

Cao

et al. 2020

Forests

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Natural wood is susceptible to moisture during its practical use, limiting not only service life but also the range of uses. In this study, plant extracts, specifically linseed oil and carnauba wax (both environmentally friendly and water-repellent substances), were examined as a means to mitigate limitations of natural wood. Stable and homogenous epoxidized linseed oil/carnauba wax emulsions with an average particle size less than 230 nm were used as a modifier to enhance the performance of wood. Weight percentage gain, bulking coefficient, micromorphology, chemical structure, moisture adsorption, contact angle, water repellency, and dimensional stability of treated wood were measured. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was observed that carnauba wax and epoxidized linseed oil acted as a mechanical barrier and could partially cover or block vessels, pits, and wood rays. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of wood increased significantly after emulsion impregnation. However, there was no obvious chemical reaction between epoxidized linseed oil and the main components of wood in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. The combined effect of epoxidized linseed oil and carnauba wax was apparent in both decreased water absorption and dimensional deformation. Poplar wood impregnated with an epoxidized linseed oil/carnauba wax complex emulsion shows potential for improving water-related properties. Thus, the complex emulsion modification can improve the inherent shortcoming of poplar wood effectively.More than that, the hygroscopicity can be minimized by the decreased or covered hydroxy achieved via chemical modification of wood, such as acetylation [8], esterification [9], furfurylation [10], and so on. However, the chemical modifications might be somewhat environmentally unfavorable [11]. It is well-known that there is an increasing need for green and renewable materials, such as waxes and oils, derived from plants [12].Linseed oil (LO) is a hydrophobic, ecofriendly, non-expensive product derived from dried seeds of flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.) [6]. As a drying oil, LO can block the lumen of the wood and form a stable LO film on pore surfaces after entering the interior of the wood by conventional impregnation techniques [13]. LO could reduce water uptake and increase biological resistance of wood [6,14]. Since no chemical linking is established between wood and oil, the LO impregnation could only reduce the water adsorption rate but not the final moisture content [15]. Furthermore, the oxidative polymerization of LO needs extensive time, resulting in oil to exude from the wood [16]. Linseed oil that has been epoxidized (ELO) may speed up oxidative polymerization [17]. Compared with wood treated with LO, ELO-treated wood has shown significant performance improvements in anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water repellency, biodegradation resistance, and leaching resistance [18][19][20]. The main improvement mechanism of ELO-modified wood was correlated to the covalent bonding to the woo...

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Section: Chemical Structure Analysis Using Ftir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Synthesis Of Epoxidized Linseed Oil (Elo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Ftir) Analysis Of Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Chen

Wang

Cao

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…A positive result was also achieved when ELO was used alongside creosote present at 30 kg/m 3 ; the loss of MOE after 42 months of exposure was only 8%. Scots pine samples impregnated with ELO showed the effect of the treatment on the induced chemical changes (Jebrane et al 2015b). FTIR analysis of ELO-treated samples revealed that part of the ELO epoxy reactive group was chemically bound to the wood hydroxyl groups, i.e.…”

Section: Inground Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durability of Epoxi-Oil Modified and Alkoxysilane Treated Wood in Field Testing

Panov¹,

Terzıev²

2015

BioResources

Self Cite

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Increased interest in oils and silicones as hydrophobic agents creates the need for testing, with the aim of better understanding their field performance and preparation for an eventual market entrance of these products. This study reveals the aboveground test performance of wood impregnated with epoxidised linseed oil (ELO) and organofunctional alkoxysilanes and compares the achieved results with the significantly more severe inground exposure and initial laboratory tests. Since ELO and siloxanes are not active ingredients, they were combined with fungicides for better performance. Various oil and alkoxysilane retentions and combinations with boric acid, organic fungicides, and creosote were impregnated in wood and tested. Untreated, chromium-copper-arsenate (CCA)-treated and thermally modified samples served as references. Long-term aboveground and inground testing of the studied formulations enforced the conclusion that ELO combined with biocides is suitable protective formulation for timber in both above-and in-ground exposure. Two alkoxysilanes were more effective in timber exposed aboveground. No decay was registered in the ELO and alkoxysilane treated lap-joint samples, while the untreated controls were close to failure after five years of exposure.

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Pine Wood Extracted Activated Carbon through Self‐Activation Process for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery

et al. 2016

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Self-activation is an ecological friendly and inexpensive process for the fabrication of large scale activated carbon (AC), which precludes the use of activating agents and takes advantage of the emitted gases from the simple pyrolysis of pine wood to stimulate the converted carbon. The tailoring of process parameters such as dwelling time assists in optimizing the pore size distribution comprised of meso-and micropores, offering favorable physical properties including specific surface area of 2738 m 2 g À1 and specific pore volume of 2.209 cm 3 g À1 for supe-rior electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries. The ACbased anode shows a high cycling stability with a reversible specific capacity of 384 mAh g À1 at 1C after 200 cycles, which is close to the theoretical specific capacity of graphite. The finding suggests that the self-activation process, a green, scalable, and efficient process, has great potential to be developed into next-generation high-performance electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices.[a] Dr.

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Novel hydrophobization of wood by epoxidized linseed oil. Part 2. Characterization by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM, and determination of mechanical properties and field test performance

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Durability of Epoxi-Oil Modified and Alkoxysilane Treated Wood in Field Testing

Pine Wood Extracted Activated Carbon through Self‐Activation Process for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery

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