Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Chen, Jinyu; Wang, Yujiao; Cao, Jinzhen; Wang, Wang

doi:10.3390/f11030271

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…According to Hosseinpourpia et al [ 25 ], no chemical reaction occurred between cellulosic fibers and tall oil fractions rich in fatty acids and thus the reduction was attributed to the masking of available sorption sites in fibers’ cell walls by hydrophobic polymers. This particular water-repellent effect that is associated with a nonbond between the cell wall and the hydrophobic agent is similar to that imparted by hydrowax [ 35 , 36 ]. The presence of a considerable amount of rosin acids in the structure of TODP4 should have synergistically created a more effective hydrophobic barrier for the cellulosic fibers, particularly at RHs above 75%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophobic Formulations Based on Tall Oil Distillation Products for High-Density Fiberboards

Hosseinpourpia

Αδαμόπουλος

Walther³

et al. 2020

Materials

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This study investigates the effect of renewable formulations based on tall oil bio-refinery products on the water vapor sorption and interfiber strength of cellulosic fibers as well as on the properties of high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels. The results obtained for HDF prepared using renewable formulations were compared to the results for HDF obtained using conventional synthetic paraffin wax (hydrowax), which is the hydrophobic agent currently utilized by the industry. Four tall oil distillation products (TODPs) with different levels of fatty and rosin acids were used for preparing the hydrophobic formulations with furfuryl alcohol as an organic solvent. According to determinations with an automated vapor sorption apparatus, the formulations had a similar effect with hydrowax on the sorption behavior of natural fibers. Unlike to hydrowax treatment, the ultimate tensile strength of cellulosic paper-sheets treated with the formulations remained unchanged or significantly increased. At the standard addition load of 1% (wt/wt dry fibers) of the formulations, HDF panels showed comparable and only in one case, e.g., TODP3-based formulation, slightly higher thickness swelling (24 h) than those with hydrowax. The best performing formulation (TODP2-based) in terms of tensile strength of paper sheets did not significantly change the mechanical properties of HDF panels in both standard climate and high humid conditions. Promising results at the standard and humid climate conditions were obtained for HDF panels manufactured with higher TODP2-based formulation amounts (3–5%) and reduced melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin content (10–12% instead of 14%, wt dry resin/wt dry fibers).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophobic Formulations Based on Tall Oil Distillation Products for High-Density Fiberboards

Hosseinpourpia

Αδαμόπουλος

Walther³

et al. 2020

Materials

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“…The moisture adsorption tests were continuously conducted from the lowest to higher RH values after the samples were treated in the oven at 103 • C for 24 h. The weight and dimensions were measured when mass variations were lower than 0.1% after daily mass readings at each RH. The reduced equilibrium moisture content (EMC R ) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE*) were calculated using the following equation [26,27]:…”

Section: Emc and Dimensional Stability Of Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Impregnation with a Low-Concentration Furfuryl Alcohol Aqueous Solution on Hygroscopic Properties of Chinese Fir and Poplar Wood

Sun

Chang

et al. 2022

Forests

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Furfurylation with a low concentration of furfuryl alcohol (FA) promotes the improvement of the properties and the effectiveness of FA on cell–wall action without darkening the furfurylated wood to the point that it affects its applications. In this paper, the effects of furfurylation on the hygroscopicity and water uptake dimensional stability of poplar (Populus sp.) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were analyzed. Meanwhile, the distribution of FA resin, the relationship between wood and water, the change in pore size distribution, and the weight percentage gain and cell wall bulking coefficient of wood were also investigated. The results were as follows: (1) A low concentration of FA could better enter the cell walls of the Chinese fir than the poplar, as FA resin was almost cured in the secondary walls, cell corners, and compound middle lamellae when a 10% concentration of FA was applied to the Chinese fir and poplar. When the FA concentration was increased to 30%, there were no significant increases in the amount of FA entering the cell walls and the amounts of FA cured in the cell lumen of the poplar were greater than those of the Chinese fir. Meanwhile, the modification of cell walls was more suitable in poplar than in Chinese fir. (2) The pointed ends of the pit chambers and the pit apertures (800–1000 nm) in the poplar and the small pores of the pit membranes and the pit apertures (1–6 μm) in the Chinese fir were partially deposited by the FA resin, which formed new pores in the size ranges of 80–600 nm and 15–100 nm, respectively. The porosity of the poplar was greater than that of the Chinese fir, and the bulk density of the poplar was less than that of the Chinese fir before and after modification. (3) Furfurylation with a low concentration of FA was able to better reduce the equilibrium moisture content, improve the anti-swelling efficiency, and enhance the dimensional stability of the poplar wood compared to the Chinese fir. Furfurylation effectively reduced water uptake due to the hydrophobic property of the FA resin. The water uptake of the Chinese fir increased by 17%–19% in second cyclic water soaking when treated with FA with various concentrations, which indicated the loss and leaching of FA resin during the test. Low-field NMR was used to demonstrate that the furfurylation not only reduced the amount of water but also affected the combination state of bound and free water with wood. Thus, furfurylation at a low concentration is a feasible method by which to extend applications of furfurylated wood.

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“…Its porous structures on the surface and high contents of hydroxyl groups adversely lead to increased water absorption, which can cause swelling, dimensional instability, cracking, and degradation of the wood. To solve this problem, many studies have focused on chemical modifications of the wood structures by converting their hydrophilic surfaces using hydrophobic compounds, endowing the wood materials with water resistance and prolonged service life. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Water-Based Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Nanoparticles and Their Use in Superhydrophobic Treatments of Value-Added Teakwood Products

et al. 2022

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A process for preparing emulsions of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) nanoparticles via a nanoemulsion template (emulsion/evaporation) method has been developed. The effects of types and contents of stabilizing agents, i.e. , anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), amphoteric (phosphatidylcholine, PC), and polymeric (poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA), on the colloidal stability and hydrodynamic size of the AKD nanoparticles are investigated. The use of 0.1 wt % anionic SDS as a stabilizer generates nanoparticles with high stability and the smallest average size of 148 ± 5 nm. The environmentally friendly water-based emulsion prepared without halogenated compounds and harsh organic solvents is then applied to enhance the hydrophobicity of teakwood products by a simple dipping process. The properties and structures of the resulting treated woods are examined by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The treated woods show superhydrophobicity with a WCA value of 150 ± 2°, as the emulsion generates a hydrophobic layer covering the wood surfaces due to the β-ketoester bond formation and the arrangement of AKD hydrophobic tails. The nanosized nanoparticles can penetrate the dense structure of the teakwood and form similar bonding for up to a 0.8 mm depth, generating a protective water-repellent layer in the wood structure. The emulsion has high potential for use in the commercial production of value-added teakwood products, with excellent water-resistant properties and high dimensional instability, without altering their physical appearances.

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Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion

Cited by 29 publications

References 46 publications

Hydrophobic Formulations Based on Tall Oil Distillation Products for High-Density Fiberboards

Hydrophobic Formulations Based on Tall Oil Distillation Products for High-Density Fiberboards

Effect of Impregnation with a Low-Concentration Furfuryl Alcohol Aqueous Solution on Hygroscopic Properties of Chinese Fir and Poplar Wood

Preparation of Water-Based Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Nanoparticles and Their Use in Superhydrophobic Treatments of Value-Added Teakwood Products

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