Novel Hydrogels for Topical Applications: An Updated Comprehensive Review Based on Source

Abstract

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or drugs are normally not delivered as pure chemical substances (for the prevention or the treatment of any diseases). APIs are still generally administered in prepared formulations, also known as dosage forms. Topical administration is widely used to deliver therapeutic agents locally because it is convenient and cost-effective. Since earlier civilizations, several types of topical semi-solid dosage forms have been commonly used in healthcare society to treat various skin diseases. A topical drug delivery system is designed primarily to treat local diseases by applying therapeutic agents to surface level parts of the body such as the skin, eyes, nose, and vaginal cavity. Nowadays, novel semi-solids can be used safely in pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women without the possibility of causing any allergy reactions. The novel hydrogels are being used in a wide range of applications. At first, numerous hydrogel research studies were carried out by simply adding various APIs in pure form or dissolved in various solvents to the prepared hydrogel base. However, numerous research articles on novel hydrogels have been published in the last five to ten years. It is expected that novel hydrogels will be capable of controlling the APIs release pattern. Novel hydrogels are made up of novel formulations such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems, cubosomes, and so on. This review focus on some novel formulations incorporated in the hydrogel prepared with natural and synthetic polymers.

Carrageenan-Based Compounds as Wound Healing Materials

“…Graphene-based materials possess a well-documented beneficial effect on wound healing, skin repair, and infection prophylaxis when used in wound dressings [ 85 , 86 , 87 ]. Doping has also been used in instances where the observed effect was the slow release of particular pharmacologically active agents, such as topical application, where the development of novel hydrogels has shown great potential [ 88 ].…”

HYDRHA: Hydrogels of hyaluronic acid. New biomedical approaches in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and tissue engineering

“…To date, both natural and synthetic materials are used to realize 3D cell systems [ [19] , [20] , [21] ]. Natural materials (i.e., collagen, gelatin, chitosan, HA, heparin alginate, silk and decellularized tissue matrices) are inherently biocompatible exhibiting good cellular interactions, low immunogenicity, and mild antigenic properties, but show poor mechanical properties, high production costs, and low reproducibility [ [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ]. On the other hand, synthetic polymers (i.e.…”

Pulsed Laser Photo-Crosslinking of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for the Controlled Delivery of Chlorpromazine to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

“…One of the applications of controlled drug delivery systems is represented by the topical application. Compared to oral and injectable drug delivery, topical drug delivery systems have various benefits such as preventing changes of the drug in plasma concentrations, gastric pH alterations, or first-pass metabolism in the liver [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. A topical drug delivery system is intended to treat local diseases by administering medicines to superficial body areas such as the skin, eyes, and nose [ 10 ].…”

“…Compared to oral and injectable drug delivery, topical drug delivery systems have various benefits such as preventing changes of the drug in plasma concentrations, gastric pH alterations, or first-pass metabolism in the liver [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. A topical drug delivery system is intended to treat local diseases by administering medicines to superficial body areas such as the skin, eyes, and nose [ 10 ]. Millions of people in the USA experience skin diseases every day, such as bacterial, fungal, viral, and autoimmune conditions [ 11 , 12 ].…”