Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in the Netherlands, December 2017

Beerens, Nancy; Koch, G.; Heutink, René; Harders, Frank; Vries, D P Edwin; Ho, Cynthia K. Y.; Bossers, Alex; Elbers, A.R.W.

doi:10.3201/eid2404.172124

Cited by 61 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In December 2017, the Netherlands was first to report HPAI H5N6 in Europe (Beerens et al., ). Later in 2017–2018, the H5N6 virus was also detected in wild birds in several other European countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H5N6 viruses were detected in 15 dead wild birds tested in the passive wild bird surveillance programme. We previously showed that this virus is a novel reassortant of the HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B virus that obtained new PB2 and NA segments derived from Eurasian LPAI viruses (Beerens et al., ). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus is not related to the H5N6 virus detected in Greece in February 2017, as it carries genetically different PA and PB2 gene segments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Beerens

Heutink

Pritz‐Verschuren

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryIn the Netherlands, three commercial poultry farms and two hobby holdings were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 virus in the winter of 2017–2018. This H5N6 virus is a reassortant of HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B viruses detected in Eurasia in 2016. H5N6 viruses were also detected in several dead wild birds during the winter. However, wild bird mortality was limited compared to the caused by the H5N8 group B virus in 2016–2017. H5N6 virus was not detected in wild birds after March, but in late summer infected wild birds were found again. In this study, the complete genome sequences of poultry and wild bird viruses were determined to study their genetic relationship. Genetic analysis showed that the outbreaks in poultry were not the result of farm‐to‐farm transmissions, but rather resulted from separate introductions from wild birds. Wild birds infected with viruses related to the first outbreak in poultry were found at short distances from the farm, within a short time frame. However, no wild bird viruses related to outbreaks 2 and 3 were detected. The H5N6 virus isolated in summer shares a common ancestor with the virus detected in outbreak 1. This suggests long‐term circulation of H5N6 virus in the local wild bird population. In addition, the pathogenicity of H5N6 virus in ducks was determined, and compared to that of H5N8 viruses detected in 2014 and 2016. A similar high pathogenicity was measured for H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses, suggesting that biological or ecological factors in the wild bird population may have affected the mortality rates during the H5N6 epidemic. These observations suggest different infection dynamics for the H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses in the wild bird population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Beerens

Heutink

Pritz‐Verschuren

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N6 viruses were detected in the Netherlands, South Korea and China in 2017–2018. The H5N6 virus detected in the Netherlands was a reassortant of H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4B viruses that obtained novel PB2 and NA segments derived from Eurasian LPAIVs (Beerens, ), and the viruses isolated in South Korea were obtained from a reassortment that occurred between Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 viruses and Eurasian LPAIVs circulating in wild birds (Kim, ). The virus isolated in China was a reassortant of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 viruses with novel NA segments derived from Asian LPAIVs and was genetically similar to H5N6 HPAIVs identified from Japan (Liu, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the PB2 and M genes, the novel H5N6 HPAIVs grouped into Clade 2.3.4.4B and belonged to three clusters designated Cluster I, Cluster II and Cluster III. The novel H5N6 HPAIVs were successively isolated from domestic poultry and wild birds in Japan, China (Cluster I), the Netherlands (Cluster I and III), Korea, Germany and England (Cluster I) during the 2017–2018 winter (Beerens, ; Kim, ; Liu, ). In addition to the H5N6 HPAIVs, one H5N6 LPAIV, which was also detected in Ningxia, China, was a reassortant influenza virus carrying the HA and NA gene segments originating from LPAIVs and all six internal gene segments from H5N8 HPAIVs and is classified as Cluster IV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study found that the broad distribution of H5N6 HPAIVs in China and South‐East Asia increases the risk to public health through wild migratory birds (Bi, Chen, et al, ; Bi, Liu, et al, ). It has also been demonstrated that group B H5N6 viruses might spread through migratory wild birds (Beerens, ). In our study, the H5N6 HPAIVs were isolated from mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and spot‐billed duck ( Anas poecilorhyncha ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel H5N6 avian influenza virus reassortants with European H5N8 isolated in migratory birds, China

Sun

Zhao

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Five novel H5N6 influenza viruses, including four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and one low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were isolated from migratory birds in Ningxia, China, in November 2017. To understand the genetic origination of the novel H5N6 virus, and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals, phylogeographic analyses and infection studies in mice were performed. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the H5N6 isolates, which are closely related to the viruses from Korea, Japan and the Netherlands, originated from reassortant virus between H5N8 and HxN6 viruses from western Russia. The animal study revealed that the SBD‐87 isolate presented moderate virulence in mice, suggesting a potential public risk to humans and a potential threat to public health.

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Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses

Yamaji

Saad

Davis

et al. 2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.

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Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in the Netherlands, December 2017

Cited by 61 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Novel H5N6 avian influenza virus reassortants with European H5N8 isolated in migratory birds, China

Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses

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