Novel environment friendly TLC-densitometric method for the determination of anti-coronavirus drugs “Remdesivir and Favipiravir”: Green assessment with application to pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Eco-friendly stability-indicating HPTLC micro-determination of the first FDA approved SARS-CoV-2 antiviral prodrug Remdesivir: Study of degradation kinetics and structural elucidation of the degradants using HPTLC-MS

“…Phases A & B are eluted in a gradient mode. Published HTPLC ( Noureldeen et al, 2022 ) Ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (8:2:0.2) – – 1 mL/sample (4 green, 10 yellow, 1 red) …”

“…Finally, a comprehensive appraisal of the method's eco-friendliness was carried out using Analytical Eco-scale (AES) ( Gałuszka et al, 2012 ), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) ( Płotka-Wasylka, 2018 ) and Analytical Greenness (AGREE) ( Pena-Pereira et al, 2020 ) metrics. Besides, a thorough comparison of the method's greenness with other previously published stability indicating HPLC procedures ( Ibrahim et al, 2021 ; Hamdy et al, 2021 ; Ramakrishna Reddy et al, 2021 ; Surabhi and Jaina, 2021 ) and the only reported HPTLC direct determination of RMD ( Noureldeen et al, 2022 ) was also illustrated using the more inclusive GAPI and AGREE metrics.…”

“…Regarding stability indicating assays of RMD, four HPLC methods were reported employing either UV detection ( Ibrahim et al, 2021 ), diode-array detection ( Hamdy et al, 2021 ; Ramakrishna Reddy et al, 2021 ; Surabhi and Jaina, 2021 ) or fluorescence detection ( Hamdy et al, 2021 ). Concerning HPTLC technique, a single recent analytical report was published dealing with the direct determination of RMD and favipiravir in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma ( Noureldeen et al, 2022 ). So far, the scientific database lacks any analytical report tackling the stability indicating HPTLC determination of RMD, also no previous reports have attempted the study of the degradation kinetics of RMD under different stress conditions.…”

Environmental impact of the reported chromatographic methods for the determination of the first FDA-Approved therapy for COVID-19 Patients, Remdesivir: A comparative study

“…In contrast, method No. 16 [20] is considered the worst environmentally depending on ESA (80), GAPI (5 green sections), and AGREE tool (0.46).…”

“…Moreover, REM was quantitatively determined with its metabolite in human serum [12] and in rat serum [13] . During the establishment of the research, the published researches related to the drug under study followed, as many research papers were just published, and then they were integrated into our environmental study [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] .…”