Novel disposable bismuth-sputtered electrodes for the determination of trace metals by stripping voltammetry

Kokkinos, Christos; Economou, Anastasios; Raptis, Ioannis; Efstathiou, C.; Speliotis, Th.

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2007.09.022

Cited by 56 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is interesting that other Bi-nanoparticlemodified electrodes were reported immediately afterwards [111,113] and whereas the first experimental procedure had not included any special preparation of such a film, the second report specified synthesis of Bi-nanopowder by the levitational gas condensation method. (In fact, practically each Bi-film plated in situ is an ensemble of nanoparticles, which is similar to mercury films and which was confirmed in numerous microscopic studies [99,108,109,114,118,123,124]). Furthermore, one can mention a sophisticated configuration of Bi-coated polycrystalline Pt-electrodes [115] [112,118], miniaturized disposable sensors [108,110], and integrated multielectrode cells fabricated by screen-printing [126].…”

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confidence: 54%

“…Compared to the previous season, practically the same publication tempo spawned thirty papers [97 -126] had inspired the others to come with their own contributions. Thus, the Euro-Asian region expanded by adopting Turkey [107], Slovakia [118], and Russia [110,122]; with other countries revealing further research sites (e.g., Greece [114], France [116], Spain [115,117] and Portugal [104,117]). Initial reports were also seen from traditional electrochemical regions of Latin America (Brazil [98] and Mexico [117]), and from the Far East (China [99,111], Korea [113], Japan [105,120], and Thailand [97]).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

et al. 2010

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In this article, the decade of electroanalysis with bismuth-based electrodes is reviewed (with 222 refs.). Emphasis is put on the environmentally friendly ("green") character of bismuth electrodes, their versatility and variability in use, as well as the actual classification of the individual types of electrodes, sensors, and detectors that utilize the unique properties of metallic bismuth. Of particular interest is the genesis of the field, when the respective activities and achievements are monitored year by year over the whole period of 2000 -2009, including the circumstances of the introduction of bismuth-coated electrodes into electrochemical stripping analysis. The review highlights all the significant milestones and break-points that had directed the experimental work around the globe, outlining the present days position of this lively, inspiring, and still highly prospective area. Finally, it provides a special insight into electroanalysis with bismuth electrodes through numerous surveys, summaries, and detailed statistical data obtained by analyzing the accessible literature database.

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confidence: 99%

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

et al. 2010

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“…More recently, microelectronic thin-film approaches have been applied for the fabrication of BiFEs [16][17][18][19]; these involve sputtering of a thin film of bismuth on the surface of a substrate patterned by photolithography and lead to ready-to-use disposable sensors. This approach for the formation of the bismuth film has several advantages compared to electroplating: i) the use of a Bi(III) solution for the preparation of the bismuth film is avoided, therefore the experimental sequence is simplified; ii) the bismuth film serves as both the sensor and the current transducer so that a conductive support is not required; iii) the surface morphology and the geometry of the active electrode area can be accurately defined; and, iv) the use of standard thin-film technology offers increased potential for mass-production of inexpensive and disposable devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Trace Tl(I) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Novel Disposable Microfabricated Bismuth‐Film Sensors

et al. 2010

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This work reports the trace determination of Tl(I) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) on novel microsensors equipped with a bismuth-film electrode (BiFE). The sensors were fabricated by a multistep microfabrication approach combining sputtering (to deposit the electrode materialm, bismuth-and the insulator SiO 2 , on the surface of a silicon wafer) and photolithography (to define the geometry of the sensor). The effect of the preconcentration time, the preconcentration potential and the SW stripping parameters were investigated. Using the selected conditions, the 3s limit of detection was 0.6 mg L À1 of Tl(I) at a preconcentration time of 240 s and the percent relative standard deviation was 4.3 % at the 10 mg L À1 level (n = 8). In order to eliminate the interference caused by Pb(II) and Cd(II), EDTA was added in the sample solution The method was successfully applied to the determination of Tl(I) in a certified lake water sample. These new sensors exhibit excellent mechanical stability and offer wide scope as mercury-free disposable sensors for trace metal analysis.

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“…This pioneering work provoked a plethora of studies focused on nonmercury film electrodes for trace metal analysis. In order to find the most suitable and desired analytical performance, different configurations of bismuth electrodes have been employed for measuring metal ions [8][9][10][11][12] as well as miscellaneous organic compounds relevant to the environment, medicine, etc. [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and kinetics of electrode processes at bismuth and antimony film and bare glassy carbon surfaces under square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry conditions

Mirčeski

Sebez

Jancovska

et al. 2013

Electrochimica Acta

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a b s t r a c tMechanism and kinetics of anodic stripping electrode processes of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) at bismuth (BiFE) and antimony (SbFE) film as well as bare glassy carbon (GCE) electrodes have been studied with respect to our recent published theoretical considerations developed for square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Mechanistic aspects of electrode reactions have been elucidated by a qualitative comparison of simulated and experimental data for three different electrode reaction mechanisms, i.e. simple anodic stripping mechanism, anodic stripping mechanism coupled with adsorption of metal analyte ions, and mechanism affected by interactions within the particles of the metal deposit on the electrode surface. The electrode kinetics has been estimated by the method of quasireversible maximum and by analyzing the peak potential separation between forward and backward SW components, under variation of the SW amplitude. Electrode mechanisms and kinetics are different at bismuth compared to antimony film electrodes. The electrode reactions of Pb(II) and Cd(II) at BiFE involve adsorption phenomena, while electrode processes of all three analytes are free of adsorption at SbFE. At BiFE, the electron transfer standard rate constants of all three analytes are quite comparable, ranging within the interval from 1 to 3 cm s −1 . At SbFE the electrode kinetics of Cd(II) and Pb(II) are almost the same, while the electrode reaction of Zn(II) is significantly slower. Our results showed that the kinetics of all examined electrode reactions are slower at SbFE as compared to those observed at BiFE.

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Novel disposable bismuth-sputtered electrodes for the determination of trace metals by stripping voltammetry

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

Determination of Trace Tl(I) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Novel Disposable Microfabricated Bismuth‐Film Sensors

Mechanisms and kinetics of electrode processes at bismuth and antimony film and bare glassy carbon surfaces under square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry conditions

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