Novel diamond X-ray crystal optics for synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers

Abstract

The most common applications of diamond crystals in X-ray optics are high-heat-load monochromators for synchrotron beamlines and phase retarders for polarization control. Here, less common applications of diamond at the frontier of X-ray crystal optics are reviewed and summarized. These include a sub-meV-bandwidth X-ray monochromator with high spectral efficiency [1] and all-diamond optical assemblies for beam-multiplexing doublecrystal monochromator at the Linac Coherent Light Source [2]. Also, novel applications for the realization of fully coherent hard X-ray sources are discussed, such as, diamond crystal optics for self-seeding of hard X-rays in the Linac Coherent Light Source [3,4] and Bragg mirrors for the highly anticipated X-ray free-electron laser oscillator [5,6]. These examples present diamond as a material for the next generation of X-ray optics, optics which can provide unique characteristics and capabilities to modern X-ray sources. In addition, details of practical importance on fabrication and characterization methods of diamond crystals with the suitable quality are presented.

Reduction of Dislocations in Single Crystal Diamond by Lateral Growth over a Macroscopic Hole

“…Low-temperature (110 K) CL measurements were performed in the positions (1-4) indicated on the PL UV image of Figure 2a. To further elucidate TD propagation, we acquired images at the merging point (3) and at the corner near the substrate/layer interface (4). Dislocations behave as very efficient nonradiative recombination centers for FE and thus appear with a dark contrast on the images.…”

“…[31] In fact, observing the CVD plate perpendicularly to the growth direction can strongly reduce optical birefringence since light does not experience so much of the strain field induced by dislocations due to their preferential alignment. These efforts were mostly driven by highly promising applications in electronics such as power diodes and transistors, [3] optics for X-ray [4] and Raman lasers, [5] high-energy particle detectors [6] as well as magnetic sensors, [7] and quantum information processing devices [8,9] based on the properties of luminescent centers. [19] Despite some degree of dislocation engineering, reduction of the dislocation density was however not conclusively obtained in these attempts.…”

Comparison of the quality of single-crystal diamonds grown on two types of seed substrates by MPCVD

“…In addition, diamonds have excellent physical and electrical properties and are widely used in industrial and scientific applications. They are expected to become ideal materials for optical and next-generation electronic devices, such as monochromators for synchrotron X-ray beams, optics, high-power electronics, quantum computing devices, highly sensitive detectors, and biological and chemical sensors [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Sequential x-ray diffraction topography at 1-BM x-ray optics testing beamline at the advanced photon source

“…Since its introduction, rocking curve imaging has been used to perform detailed characterization of semiconductor single crystals such as InP, SiC, GaAs [1,3,5] and single crystal diamond [2,6,7,8]. In particular, detailed characterization of single crystal diamond X-ray optics provided by the technique has been found valuable for implementation of novel diamond X-ray optics [7,8,9].…”