Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation

Hijawi, B.; Abdallat, Mohammad; Sayaydeh, A.; Alqasrawi, Sultan; Haddadin, Aktham; Jaarour, N.; Alsheikh, Shahad H; Alsanouri, Tarek

doi:10.26719/2013.19.supp1.s12

Cited by 225 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…19,28 However, MERS-CoV has also occasionally been detected in nasal or oropharyngeal swabs, urine, feces, serum, and blood. 24,28,35,47 Humans acquire MERS-CoV through zoonotic transmission, and bats and dromedary camels are thought to serve as a source of infection. 29,43,51 Additionally, several reports of nosocomial transmission and limited human-to-human transmission in family clusters have been documented, with MERS-CoV potentially spreading through respiratory droplets, direct contact or fomites.…”

Section: Human Mers-cov Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of Animal Models of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

2016

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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was initially isolated from a Saudi Arabian man with fatal pneumonia. Since the original case in 2012, MERS-CoV infections have been reported in >1500 humans, and the case fatality rate is currently 35%. This lineage C betacoronavirus has been reported to cause a wide range of disease severity in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to progressive fatal pneumonia that may be accompanied by renal or multiorgan failure. Although the clinical presentation of human MERS-CoV infection has been documented, many facets of this emerging disease are still unknown and could be studied with animal models. Several animal models of MERS-CoV have been developed, including New Zealand white rabbits, transduced or transgenic mice that express human dipeptidyl peptidase 4, rhesus macaques, and common marmosets. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on human MERS-CoV infections, the probable origin of MERS-CoV, and the available animal models of MERS-CoV infection. Evaluation of the benefits and limitations of these models will aid in appropriate model selection for studying viral pathogenesis and transmission, as well as for testing vaccines and antivirals against MERS-CoV.Keywords animal models, common marmosets, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, mice, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, pathogenicity, rabbits, respiratory system, review, rhesus macaques, transgenic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a man in Saudi Arabia in 2012, and MERS-CoV infections have now been reported in >20 countries. 76,79 Originally called human coronavirus-EMC/2012, the virus was renamed MERS-CoV by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 20,67 In humans, MERS-CoV is 1 of 6 coronaviruses that cause respiratory disease; however, it is currently the only known pathogenic human lineage C betacoronavirus. 31,68 MERS-CoV infections in humans range from asymptomatic to progressive fatal pneumonia with occasional renal or multiorgan failure. 44,52 To date, published autopsy data from fatal human cases are not available, and the exact route of viral transmission to and among humans is unknown. Additionally, there are currently no approved MERS-CoV-specific countermeasures. Thus, development of animal models to study the pathology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV, the routes of viral transmission, and the efficacy of treatments and vaccines is critical. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on MERS-CoV infections in humans and potential animal reservoirs for the virus and provide an overview and analysis of animal models of MERS-CoV infection.

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Section: Human Mers-cov Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of Animal Models of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

2016

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“…The infection so far has been acquired either directly through a probable zoonotic source, or as a result of human to human transmission through close contacts (Hijawi et al, 2012). An unexplained observation has shown the seasonal variation in the number of reported cases, with a peak occurrence from April to June of each year.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of the Disease Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risk and transmission route of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel

Yimer¹,

Fanta²

2017

J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health

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Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) is a novel enzootic beta origin corona virus which was described in September 2012 for the first time. According to the reports of different researchers, the prevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies, during serological examination, is very high in dromedary camels of Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. However, the infection in camel is mostly asymptomatic. In contrast to the camel case, the clinical signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV infection in humans ranges from an asymptomatic or mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia and multi-organ failure with an overall mortality rate of about 35%. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to review the public health risk, transmission routes of Middle East respiratory syndrome and to recommend the disease for further research. The identification of MERS-CoV RNA and viable virus from dromedary camels, including samples with respiratory symptoms by different studies have been detected especially in isolation of identical strains of MERS-CoV from epidemiologically linked humans and camels are the suggestive evidence for inter-transmission of the virus, primarily from camels to humans and its public health risks. Though inter-human spread within health care settings is responsible for the majority of reported MERS-CoV human cases, the virus is currently incapable of causing sustained human-to-human transmission (pandemic occurrence). Phylogenetic studies and viral sequencing results strongly suggest that MERS-CoV originated from bat ancestors after evolutionary recombination process, primarily in dromedary camels in Africa, before its exportation to the Arabian Peninsula through the camel trading routes. Currently, there is no specific drug or vaccine available for treatment and prevention of infections due to MERS-CoV in patients. The important measures to control MERS-CoV spread are strict regulation of camel movement, regular herd screening and isolation of infected camels, use of personal protective equipment by camel handlers and awareness creation on the public, especially in African pastoralists where consumption of unpasteurized camel milk is common. Therefore, urgent global epidemiological studies are required, especially in the poor camel rearing African countries to understand the transmission patterns and the human cases of MERS-CoV and also for the proper implementation of the above mentioned control measures.

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“…A number of previously unknown pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract for example, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [4], human coronavirus (hCoV) NL63 [5] and HKU1 [6], Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [7], and human bocavirus (hBoV) [8] have been reported in the last two decades. Human viral infections may affect all age groups with a range of severity of infections which may depend on different environmental factors and clinical conditions [9].…”

Section: Respiratory Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract – A review

Kabir¹

2017

APJTD

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Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation

Cited by 225 publications

References 3 publications

A Comparative Review of Animal Models of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

A Comparative Review of Animal Models of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

Public health risk and transmission route of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel

Pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract – A review

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