Novel colloidal associations of soyasaponins and lipid components (DPPC, cholesterol) as potential adjuvants for vaccines

Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins

“…Numerous studies and reviews have explored putative saponin-induced health effects, while only a few have focused on soyasaponins specifically. Thus far, soyasaponins reportedly elicit various health effects: renal-protective, cardioprotective, , hepatoprotective, − antidiabetic, , antiobesity, − hypocholesterolemic, ,− antioxidative, ,− anticarcinogenic and antitumor, ,− memory-protective, , osteoprotective, , anti-inflammatory, ,− immunostimulatory, ,− and antiviral. − This range in biological activity has generally been attributed to specific soyasaponin chemical structures and properties. Notably, the amphipathic properties (hydrophilic sugar side chains and lipophilic aglycones) and lipophilic and structural similarities to steroids are thought to enhance soyasaponin bioactivities such as anticancer and adjuvant activity .…”

“…Notably, saponins derived from Chilean tree (Quillaja saponaria) are the most widely studied saponin-based adjuvant and have become fairly established in veterinary vaccines. , Furthermore, formulations of QS-21, a potent fraction of chilean tree saponins, are currently undergoing human clinical trials or have already been FDA approved as adjuvants in vaccine candidates for influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, or STDs (hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, and HIV). , Although QS-21 saponins elicit potent immunogenic effects, they also exhibit relatively high toxicity and hemolytic effects and therefore may have limitations because of safety concerns . Unlike Quil A saponins, soyasaponins exhibit considerably lower hemolytic effects , and cytotoxic effects ,, while still eliciting moderate immunogenic responses and potentially cytoprotective effects, which makes them attractive alternatives to certain plant-based adjuvants and conventional aluminum-based adjuvants. , For example, soybean soyasaponin (I and Ab) treatment (0.001–0.5 mg/mL for 2 or 24 h) elicits no significant reduction in cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes while soyasaponin Ab shows the potential to facilitate T-cell proliferation . Furthermore, in mice, various group A and group B soyasaponins stimulate antibody production ,, and Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated cytokine signaling, which indicates they may be effective adjuvants to evoke cellular and humoral immune responses and overall immunomodulatory activity. , Additionally, soyasapogenol B also shows immunomodulatory activity by enhancing lymphocyte responses .…”

“…121,122 Although QS-21 saponins elicit potent immunogenic effects, they also exhibit relatively high toxicity and hemolytic effects and therefore may have limitations because of safety concerns. 116 Unlike Quil A saponins, soyasaponins exhibit considerably lower hemolytic effects 114,115 and cytotoxic effects 112,115,123 while still eliciting moderate immunogenic responses and potentially cytoprotective effects, 124 which makes them attractive alternatives to certain plant-based adjuvants and conventional aluminum-based adjuvants. 114,115 For example, soybean soyasaponin (I and Ab) treatment (0.001−0.5 mg/ mL for 2 or 24 h) elicits no significant reduction in cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes while soyasaponin Ab shows the potential to facilitate T-cell proliferation.…”

“…116 Unlike Quil A saponins, soyasaponins exhibit considerably lower hemolytic effects 114,115 and cytotoxic effects 112,115,123 while still eliciting moderate immunogenic responses and potentially cytoprotective effects, 124 which makes them attractive alternatives to certain plant-based adjuvants and conventional aluminum-based adjuvants. 114,115 For example, soybean soyasaponin (I and Ab) treatment (0.001−0.5 mg/ mL for 2 or 24 h) elicits no significant reduction in cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes while soyasaponin Ab shows the potential to facilitate T-cell proliferation. 115 Furthermore, in mice, various group A and group B soyasaponins stimulate antibody production 13,112,114 and Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated cytokine signaling, which indicates they may be effective adjuvants to evoke cellular and humoral immune responses and overall immunomodulatory activity.…”

“…114,115 For example, soybean soyasaponin (I and Ab) treatment (0.001−0.5 mg/ mL for 2 or 24 h) elicits no significant reduction in cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes while soyasaponin Ab shows the potential to facilitate T-cell proliferation. 115 Furthermore, in mice, various group A and group B soyasaponins stimulate antibody production 13,112,114 and Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated cytokine signaling, which indicates they may be effective adjuvants to evoke cellular and humoral immune responses and overall immunomodulatory activity. 112,114 Additionally, soyasapogenol B also shows immunomodulatory activity by enhancing lymphocyte responses.…”