Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses

Abstract

In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allow high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. In the biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties are analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the instrumental analysis, which often includes gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on the biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2020 review of the applications of SPME in forensic context from January 1995 to June 2018 - majority of the reviewed articles (40/133) aimed to identify drugs (cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, simultaneous detection of different drugs of abuse, prescribed drugs) [ 1014 ]; review of the substances used in drug facilitated crimes and the analytical methods used for detection [ 1015 ]; 2021 review of spectroscopic methods including GC-MS, LC-MS, SERS, magnetic resonance imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, IR Spectroscopy, and UV Spectroscopy [ 1016 ]; 2022 novel applications of microextraction techniques focused on biological and forensic analyses [ 1017 ].…”

New Challenges in (Bio)Analytical Sample Treatment Procedures for Clinical Applications

“…In this procedure, about 1-2 mg of sorbent (such as C18, C8) is packed in the barrel of a gas-tight syringe positioned between the needle and the barrel as a cartridge. When the sample passed through the solid bed, the analytes were absorbed into the sorbent [1,38].…”

“…The traditional methods applied in many fields, including bioanalysis, such as solidphase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), have shown some limitations due to their use of toxic organic solvents and long processing times; therefore, new methods based on microextraction techniques have been developed to achieve a high recovery of target analytes from simple to complex sample matrices and to comply with the concepts of Green Chemistry (GC) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) [1].…”

“…Other techniques include solid phase microextraction (SPME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) [4,5]. These techniques manifest a rapid development in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology [1].…”

Magnetic solid‐phase extraction of warfarin and gemfibrozil in biological samples using polydopamine‐coated magnetic nanoparticles via core‐shell nanostructure

“…groups named solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquidliquid extraction [2][3][4], respectively. SPE is a popular extraction procedure in which a solid sorbent extracts the analytes of interest from a sample solution.…”