Novel 3D scaffold with enhanced physical and cell response properties for bone tissue regeneration, fabricated by patterned electrospinning/electrospraying

Abstract

Developing three dimensional scaffolds mimicking the nanoscale structure of native extracellular matrix is a key parameter in tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to introduce a novel 3D structures composed of nanofibers (NF) and micro particles (MP) and compare their efficiency with 2D nanofibrous scaffold. The conventional nanofibrous PCL scaffolds are 2D mats fabricated by the electrospinning technique, whereas the NF/MP and patterned NF/MP PCL scaffolds are three dimensional structures fabricated by a modified electrospinning/electrospraying technique. The mentioned method was carried out by varying the electrospinning solution parameters and use of a metal mesh as the collector. Detailed fabrication process and morphological properties of the fabricated structures is discussed and porosity, pore size and PBS solution absorption value of the prepared structures are reported. Compared with the 2D structure, 3D scaffolds possessed enhanced porosity and pore size which led to the significant increase in their water uptake capacity. In vitro cell experiments were carried out on the prepared structures by the use of MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. The fabricated 3D structures offered significantly increased cell attachment, spread and diffusion which were confirmed by SEM analysis. In vitro cytocompatibility assessed by MTT colorimetric assay indicated a continuous cell proliferation over 21 days on the innovative 3D structure, while on 2D mat cell proliferation stopped at early time points. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of the seeded MG-63 cells on 3D scaffold was confirmed by the remarkable ALP activity together with increased and accelerated calcium deposition on this structure compared to 2D mat. Massive and well distributed bone minerals formed on patterned 3D structure were shown by EDX analysis. In comparison between NF/MP quasi-3D and Patterned NF/MP 3D scaffolds, patterned structures proceeded in all of the above properties. As such, the innovative Patterned NF/MP 3D scaffold could be considered as a proper bone graft substitute for bone tissue regeneration.

Platelet-functionalized three-dimensional poly-ε-caprolactone fibrous scaffold prepared using centrifugal spinning for delivery of growth factors

“…These cells are frequently used in tissue engineering studies to study scaffold biocompatibility and bone tissue formation. [51][52][53][54][55] On the other hand, differences between osteosarcoma lines and primary osteoblast cells have been published. 56,57 Main differences have been found in proliferation kinetics, cell morphology and synthesis of ECM proteins.…”

Three‐Dimensional Osteosarcoma Models for Advancing Drug Discovery and Development

“…[148] Namely, the development of a model for therapeutic reparation of OS tumor surgical resection defect was studied using PCL scaffolds incorporating dexamethasone. [148] Namely, the development of a model for therapeutic reparation of OS tumor surgical resection defect was studied using PCL scaffolds incorporating dexamethasone.…”

Recent Achievements in Bone and Skin Tissue Engineering in Iran

“…a). The researches mainly are on fabrication of nanocomposite‐based porous scaffolds by different methods including freeze‐drying , thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) , particulate leaching , electrospinning , additive manufacturing , or combinations of these methods (for instant freeze‐drying and particulate leaching ). In addition, some research has been done on materials for minimally invasive tissue engineering via in situ forming or injectable materials using different mechanisms.…”