Notice of Retraction The assessment of gross motor skills development among down syndrome children in Klang Valley

Abstract

Gross motor skills is one of the precursors for successful involvement in any sports and physical activities performance. This study investigated the gross motor skills development among Down syndrome children in Klang Valley. 30 children (16 boys and 14 girls) participated in this study with the age range from 3-10 years old. They were assessed on locomotor and object control skills. It includes running, galloping, hoping, leaping, horizontal jumping, and sliding, striking, dribbling, kicking, catching, throwing and underhand roll. 10.0% of the children scored Above Average on the ratings, 30.0% Average, 23.3% Below Average, 20% Poor and 16.67% Very Poor. The mean score for boys on locomotor skills was 5.8 (SD 3.8) while for girls 6.3 (SD 2.8). The mean score for boys on object control skills was 9.6 (SD 3.5) while for the girls 9.5 (SD 3.93). There was no significant difference between boys and girls in locomotor skills. Results for object control skills also showed no significant different between boys and girls. The result shows that there was positive relationship between locomotor skills and object control skills among boys and girl. Suitable intervention strategies have to be implemented to improve the gross motor skills development among the participants.

Relationship between motor skill competency and executive function in children with Down's syndrome

“…Regarding both domains separately, we could confirm the results of previous studies, which analysed motor skills (e.g. Hasan et al 2012) and EF (e.g. Borella et al 2013) in individuals with DS.…”

“…Uncoordinated, slower, variable, and hesitant movements, as well as a poor ability of these individuals responding to changes in the environment characterize motor skill competence of children with DS (de Campos et al 2012). Using different approaches, all studies showed that children with DS aged between 6 and 16 years score lower on fundamental movement skills than their typically developing (TD) peers (Connolly & Michael 1986;Jobling 1998;Volman et al 2007;Capio & Rotor 2010;Hasan et al 2012). In a recent study, e.g.…”

“…Volman et al (2007) observed that children with DS had poor scores on manual dexterity, followed by balance and then ball skills with high interindividual variability. Using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2; Ulrich 2000), Hasan et al (2012) found that children with DS aged between 3 and 10 years scored poorer on the locomotor subtest and average on the object-control subtest being relative to the normative TGMD-2 data.…”

Designed game situations enhance fundamental movement skills in children with Down syndrome

“…The motor development of children with DS has been authenticated in the literature (Block 1991;Jobling 1998;Malak et al 2015). Uncoordinated, slower, variable and hesitant movements, as well as a poor ability of these individuals responding to changes in the environment characterise motor skill proficiency of children with DS (de Campos et al 2012;Hasan et al 2012). Specifically, Palisano et al (2001) found greater delay in complex movements of gross motor skills in these children (e.g.…”

“…hopping is more delayed than sitting independently). Delayed maturity of fundamental movement skills (FMS) patterns (Capio and Rotor 2010;Hasan et al 2012;Volman et al 2007) and lower proficiency (Schott and Holfelder 2015), compared with children with typical development, have been also reported.…”