Notes on the Study of Anglo-Irish Dialect

Irish Whiteness and the Nineteenth-Century Construction of Race

“…The refusal to differentiate often reveals a motivation to equate indentured servitude for Europeans with African chattel perpetual slavery to claim spuriously that slavery had nothing to do with race. 93 As Nikole Hannah-Jones has detailed, the distinctions between that enslavement and forms of labor abuse that might be inflicted upon non-Black persons became absolute by the eighteenth century, with the emergence of a "brutal system of racial slavery that through the decades would be transformed into an institution unlike anything that had existed in the world before": "Chattel slavery was not conditional but racial. It was heritable and permanent, not temporary, meaning generations of Black people were born into it and passed their enslaved status on to their children.…”