Nosema apis and N. ceranae Infection in Honey bees: A Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions in Insects

Snow, Jonathan W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_7

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts, but they have been relatively understudied compared to microbial pathogens representing other taxonomic groups, such as bacteria [1]. The Vairimorpha (formerly Nosema [2]) species, ceranae and apis, are microsporidian parasites that are pathogenic to honey bees and infection by these species has been implicated as a key factor in honey bee losses [3][4][5]. Environmental spores that are shed from infected bees are consumed by uninfected bees, upon which the spores first inject sporoplasms into the cells of the host's midgut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter produce large numbers of primary spores and, ultimately, new infective environmental spores, which are then released from the infected cell to begin the cycle anew [6]. Midgut infection by V. ceranae causes disruptions in tissue structure and function, leading to energetic stress [3][4][5]. At the organismal level, infection is associated with reduced survival rates and a number of physiological and behavioral changes that reduce individual contribution to the colony [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Midgut infection by V. ceranae causes disruptions in tissue structure and function, leading to energetic stress [3][4][5]. At the organismal level, infection is associated with reduced survival rates and a number of physiological and behavioral changes that reduce individual contribution to the colony [3][4][5]. V. ceranae infection has traditionally been treated with the drug fumagillin in the United States, but its use is prohibited in Europe (reviewed in [7]) and its effectiveness and durability in controlling V. ceranae at the colony level are in question [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paromomycin Reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae Infection in Honey Bees but Perturbs Microbiome Levels and Midgut Cell Function

et al. 2022

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Paromomycin is a naturally occurring aminoglycoside antibiotic that has effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. However, previous reports have indicated that it has little effect on microsporidia, including Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae, in cell culture models. V. ceranae is one of a number of microsporidia species that cause disease in honey bees and substantial efforts to find new treatment strategies for bees that are infected with these pathogens are ongoing. When testing compounds for potential activity against V. ceranae in whole organisms, we found that paromomycin reduces the infection intensity of this parasite. Critically, the necessary doses of paromomycin have high activity against the bacteria of the honey bee microbiome and cause evident stress in bees. Microsporidia have been shown to lack an essential binding site on the ribosome that is known to allow for maximal inhibition by paromomycin. Thus, it is possible that paromomycin impacts parasite levels through non-cell autonomous effects on microsporidia infection levels via effects on the microbiome or midgut cellular function. As paromomycin treatment could cause widespread honey bee health issues in agricultural settings, it does not represent an appropriate anti-microsporidia agent for use in the field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paromomycin Reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae Infection in Honey Bees but Perturbs Microbiome Levels and Midgut Cell Function

et al. 2022

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“…Previous studies have shown that the LmProx gene plays a specific regulatory role in the antimicrobial immune pathway of L. migratoria (He et al, 2013). Microsporidial infections are recognized by the immune system, which induces the transcription of AMPs (Snow, 2022). However, our results showed that the expression of mRNA for the LmProx gene was lower in infected locusts than in the controls, regardless of spore concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune response of Locusta migratoria manilensis at different times of infection with Paranosema locustae

Liu,

Wei,

et al. 2023

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Paranosema locustae is an entomopathogenic microsporidia with promising potential for controlling agricultural pests, including Locusta migratoria manilensis. However, it has the disadvantage of having a slow insecticidal rate, and how P. locustae infection impacts the host immune response is currently unknown. The present study investigated the effect of P. locustae on the natural immune response of L. migratoria and the activities of enzymes that protect against oxidative stress. Infection with P. locustae increased the hemocytes and nodulation number of L. migratoria at the initial stage of infection. The hemocyte‐mediated modulation of immune response was also affected by a decrease in the number of hemocytes 12 days postinfection. Superoxide dismutase activity in locusts increased in the early stages of infection but decreased in the later stages, whereas the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) showed opposite trends may be due to their different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the transcription levels of mRNA of antimicrobial peptide‐related genes and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph in L. migratoria were suppressed within 15 days of P. locustae infection. Overall, our data suggest that P. locustae create a conducive environment for its own proliferation in the host by disrupting the immune defense against it. These findings provide useful information for the potential application of P. locustae as a biocontrol agent.

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“…These factors are involved in immunity, the regulation of the division of labor between honey bees, the process of maturation and the transition between the nurse and the feeder, which significantly disrupts homeostasis in the bee colony and causes significant changes in their biology at the cellular, tissue, organismal, or colony levels [65].…”

Section: Distribution and Characteristic Vairimorpha Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vairimorpha apis Versus Vairimorpha ceranae, Replacement or Dynamic Prevalence?

Galajda,

Sabo

2023

Folia Veterinaria

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Nosematosis is currently a frequently discussed disease of bees caused by two species of microsporidia: Vairimorpha apis, and Vairimorpha ceranae. Vairimorpha apis represents the original species of Apis mellifera parasite, and Vairimorpha ceranae, is a species introduced from Asia. In the last two decades, epidemiological data on the growth of the prevalence of V. ceranae infection have increased, which has led to its dominant position at the expense of its congener V. apis, practically all over the world. This process is assumed to be the result of asymmetric competition within the host, where V. ceranae, showed a better ability to adapt to higher temperatures, which was first manifested by its spread in warmer climate zones. However, several results of studies from recent years somewhat unexpectedly showed that it is premature to talk about the complete replacement of V. apis by V. ceranae. They pointed to a greater influence of seasonality and average temperatures in winter and summer in a given year on the result of the current prevalence of infection and co-infection of Vairimorpha spp., regardless of the climatic zone in which the colonies were located. Considering the different clinical and subclinical manifestations of infection caused by V. apis, and V. ceranae, and its impact on the defense, survival and productivity of bee colonies, the aim of our work was to analyze the factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of Vairimorpha spp.

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Nosema apis and N. ceranae Infection in Honey bees: A Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions in Insects

Cited by 5 publications

References 209 publications

Paromomycin Reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae Infection in Honey Bees but Perturbs Microbiome Levels and Midgut Cell Function

Paromomycin Reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae Infection in Honey Bees but Perturbs Microbiome Levels and Midgut Cell Function

The immune response of Locusta migratoria manilensis at different times of infection with Paranosema locustae

Vairimorpha apis Versus Vairimorpha ceranae, Replacement or Dynamic Prevalence?

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