Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring migrate to wintering areas in late summer and remain there for about 5 mo in dense aggregations. First-time spawning cohorts typically adopt the wintering area of the spawning stock. However, over the last 50 yr the NSS herring stock has occupied 7 discrete wintering grounds, spanning from the high seas to narrow fjords, which shows that there is considerable plasticity in choice of wintering area. We show that 5 cases of establishment of new wintering areas take place when abundant first-time spawning cohorts take up the adult migration pattern. The ratio in abundance between age 4 and age 5+ herring is on average 14 in the years when new wintering areas are established compared to 0.3 in years without changes. The wintering areas vary greatly with regards to temperature and distance to the feeding and spawning grounds, features that heavily affect energy expenditure during wintering and migration. Rather than being strictly optimized, the establishment of new wintering areas seems to be governed by general school cohesion mechanisms when naïve first-time spawners flood the population and the social learning process is disrupted.
KEY WORDS: Norwegian spring spawning herring · Wintering area · Demography · Schooling · Migration
Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 409: [189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198] 2010 leadership. The degree to which individuals will exert leadership is often related to their knowledge level or motivation. For example, food-deprived roach Rutilus rutilus appear more often in front of a school than wellfed individuals (Krause et al. 1992). However, it is probably costly to consistently lead a school both in terms of predation risk and energy expenditure, and in the long run individuals will have to trade off their behaviour to accommodate the rest of the school. For example, post-spawning observations of individual herring with fully developed or ripe ovaries in schools that are moving away from the spawning ground (A. Slotte pers. comm.) indicate that collective behaviours can override the strong individual urge to spawn. Thus, the school association has positive effects, e.g. related to increased foraging (Pitcher et al. 1982) and reduced mortality (Pitcher & Parrish 1993), but can also have negative effects, e.g. the tyranny of collectivity.
Changes in wintering area of Norwegian spring spawning herringThe Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring Clupea harengus L. stock follows a classic migration pattern (Harden Jones 1968) and spends the winter in dense concentrations without feeding, awaiting and preparing for the commencement of spawning in spring and the subsequent return of plankton to the surface waters. The adult part of the stock mostly winters together in one area. There have been substantial changes in the location of the wintering area of NSS herring since the 1950s as illustrated in Fig. 1. During the 1950s and for an unknown period before, the wint...