Norovirus outbreaks in Fengtai District, Beijing, China, 2014

Li, Jinsong; Meng, Qingcai; Dong, Xiaoli; Yang, Jun-Yong; Yang, Xiaoxin; Wei, Xiu-xia; Zhaoe, Wang; Feng, Hao; Wu, Qin-rui; Li, Ruoxi; Li, Jie; Duan, Zhaojun

doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2954-0

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Information on strain subtyping or genotyping is generally not included in the system. Although several studies have described the strain distribution of noroviruses in China [9,13,14,15], little information is available on the epidemiologic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks that occur in China. Monitoring norovirus outbreaks can help to improve our understanding of norovirus epidemiology, identify changes in occurrence, and provide evidence for targeted intervention strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks Reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014–2017

Lian

Luo

et al. 2019

Viruses

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We conducted a retrospective analysis of norovirus outbreaks reported to the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) in China from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. We reviewed all acute gastroenteritis outbreaks (n = 692) submitted to PHEESS to identify the frequency, seasonality, geographic distribution, setting, and transmission mode of outbreaks due to norovirus. A total of 616 norovirus outbreaks resulting in 30,848 cases were reported. Among these outbreaks, 571 (93%) occurred in school settings including 239 (39%) in primary schools, 136 (22%) in childcare facilities, and 121 (20%) in secondary schools. The majority of outbreaks (63%) were due to person-to-person transmission, followed by multiple modes of transmission (11%), foodborne (5%) and waterborne (3%) transmission. These findings highlight the importance of improving hand hygiene and environmental disinfection in high-risk settings. Developing a standard and quantitative outbreak reporting structure could improve the usefulness of PHEESS for monitoring norovirus outbreaks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks Reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014–2017

Lian

Luo

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…In the winters of 2014 and 2015, the GII.17 genotype unexpectedly replaced GII.4, emerging as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in several Asian countries (25). During the winter of 2016 to 2017, the GII.2 genotype became dominant in Germany, China, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in Hu-NoV-associated acute gastroenteritis epidemics (26)(27)(28). The VP1 gene is the most widely studied of the Hu-NoV genome and it consists of S and P domains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of codon usage bias in the VP1 gene of the human norovirus GII.2 genotype

Wang

Cui

Wang

et al. 2018

Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)

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To investigate the codon usage patterns of all available VP1 gene sequences of the GII.2 genotype, to determine the factors that affect these patterns, and to provide comprehensive details of the characteristics and evolution of the gene. Complete 519 sequences of VP1 gene of the HuNoV GII.2 genotype with known sampling dates and geographic locations from 1971 -2017 were retrieved from the GenBank nucleotide database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and analyzed. The percentage composition of T, C, A, and G nucleotides were 24.80 ± 0.30, 26.61 ± 0.31, 25.84 ± 0.13, and 22.75 ± 0.17 %, respectively, with C and A relatively more abundant than T and G, and C the most abundant (p < 0.0001). The values of T3s (34.10 ± 0.90 %) and C3s (33.54 ± 0.90 %) were significantly higher than those of A3s (29.98 ± 0.43 %) and G3s (24.13 ± 0.51 %) (p < 0.0001). While T3s was highest among the four nucleotides, G3s was the lowest. Among the 18 most frequently employed synonymous codons, six optional codons ended with T, five ended with C, five ended with A and two ended with G. Codons ending with T were the most frequently used. The ENC ranged from 51.90 to 54.25 (mean = 52.38 ± 0.43) among the 519 VP1 gene sequences. There were significant correlations between ENC and C % and G % (p < 0.01). Codons containing CpG (1 and 2 or 2 and 3 codon positions) showed the lowest frequencies, while 30, 29, and 2 codons were above, below and on the mean line, respectively. The first four principal components accounted for 69.11 % of the total variation, with the first, second, third, and fourth principal axes contributing 37.90, 14.83, 9.61, and 6.77 %, respectively. The strains were not clustered by country of isolation or year of sampling. Gravy were significantly correlated with T3s, C3s, G3s, GC3s, and ENC (p < 0.01). Mutation pressure and natural selection contributed to the codon usage bias of the VP1 gene of the HuNoV GII.2 genotype. There was a correlation between GC12s and GC3s (R 2 = 0.032; p < 0.0001). The relative neutrality was 3.20 %, while natural selection was 96.80 %. The VP1 gene exhibits low codon usage bias which is affected primarily by natural selection, followed by mutation pressure and translational selection.

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