Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future

Lucero, Yalda; Matson, David O.; Ashkenazi, Shai; George, Sergio; O’Ryan, Miguel

doi:10.3390/v13122399

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, our findings are in line with others showing that hygiene measures and physical distancing reduce the transmission of (foodborne) enteric diseases that are transmitted via the faecal-oral route [3,8,9,13,14]. Also in agreement with previous findings [3], the COVID-19 pandemic and the related prevention measures disrupted the seasonal transmission patterns of different infectious diseases (Figure 1; Suppl.…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of other pathogens in England

Hayes

Uri

Bojkova

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated prevention measures did not only impact on the transmission of COVID-19 but also on the spread of other infectious diseases in an unprecedented natural experiment. Here, we analysed the transmission patterns of 22 different infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Our results show that the COVID-19 prevention measures generally reduced the spread of pathogens that are transmitted via the air and the faecal-oral route. Moreover, the COVID-19 prevention measures resulted in the sustained suppression of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases also after the removal of restrictions, while non-vaccine preventable diseases displayed a rapid rebound. Despite concerns that a lack of exposure to common pathogens may affect population immunity and result in large outbreaks by various pathogens post-COVID-19, only four of the 22 investigated diseases and disease groups displayed higher post-than pre-pandemic levels without an obvious causative relationship. Notably, this included chickenpox for which an effective vaccine is available but not used in the UK, which provides strong evidence supporting the inclusion of the chickenpox vaccination into the routine vaccination schedule in the UK. In conclusion, our findings provide unique, novel insights into the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of a broad range of infectious diseases.

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supporting

confidence: 93%

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of other pathogens in England

Hayes

Uri

Bojkova

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Norovirus has been increasingly reported as a most important cause of sporadic and epidemic AGE post-rotavirus vaccine introduction [ 30 , 50 ]. Although norovirus GI/GII was sixth as the most frequently detected enteropathogen in our study, its contribution to diarrhea etiology is likely to be significant given the suspected carriage of some of the top detected enteropathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in epidemiology of enteropathogens in children pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction in Kilifi, coastal Kenya

et al. 2022

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Background Kenya introduced Rotarix® (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) vaccination into its national immunization programme beginning July 2014. The impact of this vaccination program on the local epidemiology of various known enteropathogens is not fully understood. Methods We used a custom TaqMan Array Card (TAC) to screen for 28 different enteropathogens in 718 stools from children aged less than 13 years admitted to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya, following presentation with diarrhea in 2013 (before vaccine introduction) and in 2016–2018 (after vaccine introduction). Pathogen positivity rate differences between pre- and post-Rotarix® vaccination introduction were examined using both univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results In 665 specimens (92.6%), one or more enteropathogen was detected, while in 323 specimens (48.6%) three or more enteropathogens were detected. The top six detected enteropathogens were: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC; 42.1%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC; 30.2%), enterovirus (26.9%), rotavirus group A (RVA; 24.8%), parechovirus (16.6%) and norovirus GI/GII (14.4%). Post-rotavirus vaccine introduction, there was a significant increase in the proportion of samples testing positive for EAggEC (35.7% vs. 45.3%, p = 0.014), cytomegalovirus (4.2% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.008), Vibrio cholerae (0.0% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.019), Strongyloides species (0.8% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.048) and Dientamoeba fragilis (2.1% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.004). Although not reaching statistical significance, the positivity rate of adenovirus 40/41 (5.8% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.444), norovirus GI/GII (11.2% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.089), Shigella species (8.7% vs. 13.0%, p = 0.092) and Cryptosporidium spp. (11.6% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.261) appeared to increase post-vaccine introduction. Conversely, the positivity rate of sapovirus decreased significantly post-vaccine introduction (7.8% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.030) while that of RVA appeared not to change (27.4% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.253). More enteropathogen coinfections were detected per child post-vaccine introduction compared to before (mean: 2.7 vs. 2.3; p = 0.0025). Conclusions In this rural Coastal Kenya setting, childhood enteropathogen infection burden was high both pre- and post-rotavirus vaccination introduction. Children who had diarrheal admissions post-vaccination showed an increase in coinfections and changes in specific enteropathogen positivity rates. This study highlights the utility of multipathogen detection platforms such as TAC in understanding etiology of childhood acute gastroenteritis in resource-limited regions.

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“…The variable amino acid sequence of the major capsid protein (VP1) within ORF-2 determines the genogroup. There are 10 known genogroups (GI–GX), 2 , 9 , 10 of which only genogroups GI, GII, and GIV cause human disease. 11 Initially emerging in 2012, the GII.4 strain has become the most prevalent genotype and is implicated in approximately 80% of norovirus outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 11 Initially emerging in 2012, the GII.4 strain has become the most prevalent genotype and is implicated in approximately 80% of norovirus outbreaks. 10 , 12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus disease among older adults

Tsai

Yune

Rao

2022

Therapeutic Advances in Infection

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Norovirus, a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, results in substantial direct and indirect healthcare costs. Adults older than 65 years of age bear a significant proportion of the disease burden, and the disease course in this population is often more severe and protracted. In this narrative review, we discuss the epidemiology of norovirus infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and transmission pertinent to outbreaks along with infection prevention and control efforts. We also describe the clinical manifestations of norovirus disease with a focus on individuals older than 65 years of age, diagnosis and available treatment options, and the challenges and progress within vaccine development.

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Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future

Cited by 30 publications

References 161 publications

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of other pathogens in England

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of other pathogens in England

Differences in epidemiology of enteropathogens in children pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction in Kilifi, coastal Kenya

Norovirus disease among older adults

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