Norming plans for the NIH Toolbox

Beaumont, Jennifer L.; Havlik, Richard J.; Cook, Karon F.; Hays, Ron D.; Wallner-Allen, Kathleen; Korper, Samuel P.; Lai, Jin Shei; Nord, Christine Winquist; Zill, Nicholas; Choi, Seung W.; Yost, Kathleen J.; Ustsinovich, Vitali; Brouwers, Pim; Hoffman, Howard J.; Gershon, Richard

doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182872e70

Cited by 87 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Unadjusted scale scores were derived for each participant by combining the reaction time scores (in milliseconds) from the trials on which they correctly responded with the accuracy of each response. The age-adjusted scores were generated by comparing participants’ scores to those of a nationally representative normative sample within the same age range (Beaumont et al 2013). The normal distribution associated with these scores has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences in Listening Effort During Degraded Speech Recognition

et al. 2017

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Objectives The purpose of the current study was to quantify age-related differences in executive control as it relates to dual-task performance, which is thought to represent listening effort, during degraded speech recognition. Design Twenty-five younger adults (18–24 years) and twenty-one older adults (56–82 years) completed a dual-task paradigm that consisted of a primary speech recognition task and a secondary visual monitoring task. Sentence material in the primary task was either unprocessed or spectrally degraded into 8, 6, or 4 spectral channels using noise-band vocoding. Performance on the visual monitoring task was assessed by the accuracy and reaction time of participants’ responses. Performance on the primary and secondary task was quantified in isolation (i.e., single task) and during the dual-task paradigm. Participants also completed a standardized psychometric measure of executive control, including attention and inhibition. Statistical analyses were implemented to evaluate changes in listeners’ performance on the primary and secondary tasks (1) per condition (unprocessed vs. vocoded conditions); (2) per task (baseline vs. dual task); and (3) per group (younger vs. older adults). Results Speech recognition declined with increasing spectral degradation for both younger and older adults when they performed the task in isolation or concurrently with the visual monitoring task. Older adults were slower and less accurate than younger adults on the visual monitoring task when performed in isolation, which paralleled age-related differences in standardized scores of executive control. When compared to single-task performance, older adults experienced greater declines in secondary-task accuracy, but not reaction time, than younger adults. Furthermore, results revealed that age-related differences in executive control significantly contributed to age-related differences on the visual monitoring task during the dual-task paradigm. Conclusions Older adults experienced significantly greater declines in secondary-task accuracy during degraded speech recognition than younger adults. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that older listeners expended greater listening effort than younger listeners, and may be partially attributed to age-related differences in executive control.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences in Listening Effort During Degraded Speech Recognition

et al. 2017

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“…Stroke ( n = 184) and TBI ( n = 211) participants were recruited at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, University of Michigan, and Washington University in St. Louis; a comparison group (TBI-matched: n = 184; stroke-matched: n = 210), was drawn from the NIH Toolbox Normative Study and matched for age, sex, and education (Beaumont et al, 2013). All TBI and stroke participants were at least 1-year postinjury.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncorrected versus demographically-corrected scores on the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in persons with traumatic brain injury and stroke.

Nitsch

Casaletto

Carlozzi

et al. 2017

Rehabilitation Psychology

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Objective: The association between demographic characteristics and neurocognitive performance is well established; however, clinicians may have difficulty selecting when to use uncorrected versus demographically corrected scores. We compared these score types in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, on the National Institutes of Health Toolbox—Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). Research Method: Adults with TBI and stroke were demographically matched to controls, and completed the NIHTB-CB. Published “corrected scores” are adjusted for age, education, sex, and race/ethnicity; “uncorrected scores” were created using census data to represent the average adult in the U.S. population. Results: Effect sizes for the TBI and stroke groups versus controls were larger using corrected scores compared with uncorrected scores for the fluid composite (uncorrected to corrected effect sizes: TBI: d = 0.66, p < .001 to 0.83, p < .001; stroke d = 0.97, p < .001 to 1.10, p < .001). For the crystallized composite, effect sizes for the TBI and stroke groups versus controls were smaller and nonsignificant using corrected scores (uncorrected to corrected effect sizes: TBI d = 0.23, p = .03 to 0.20, p = .06; stroke d = 0.40, p < .001 to 0.17, p = .09). In the injury groups, demographic characteristics accounted for up to 33% of variance in uncorrected scores (p < .001), but <5% of variance in corrected scores (p > .06). Conclusions Corrected scores were more sensitive to neurocognitive impairments in the brain-injured groups. Corrected scores have the advantage of controlling for variance associated with premorbid factors rather than changes in neurological functioning; are more helpful in characterizing acquired neurocognitive changes; and can aid in the interpretation of test performance.

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“…14 After an extensive instrument-by-instrument validation process, the NIH Toolbox team conducted a large national standardization study in a sample of 4859 people in 10 geographically diverse sites located in the continental USA. 15 The project was approved by the institutional review board of the NorthShore University Health System.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of dynapenia in older adults through the use of grip strength t‐scores

Bohannon

Magasi

2014

Muscle and Nerve

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Objective To generate reference values and t-scores (1.0 to 2.5 standard deviations below average) for grip strength for healthy young adults and to examine the utility of t-scores from this group for the identification of dynapenia in older adults. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional grip strength data from the NIH Toolbox norming sample. Setting Population-based general community sample. Participants Community dwelling adults, between the ages 20 and 40 years (n=558); and 60 to 85 years (n=390) Main Outcomes Measures Grip strength measured with a Jamar plus dynamometer. Results Maximum grip strengths were consistent over the 20–40 year age span. For men they were 108.0 lbs (S.D. 22.6). For women, they were 65.8 lbs (S.D. 14.6) Comparison of older participant grip strengths to those of the younger reference group revealed (depending on age strata) that 46.2–87.1% of older men and 50.0–82.4% of older women could be designated as dynapenic on the basis of t-scores. Conclusion The use of reference value t-scores from younger adults is a promising method for determining dynapenia in older adults.

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Norming plans for the NIH Toolbox

Cited by 87 publications

References 10 publications

Age-Related Differences in Listening Effort During Degraded Speech Recognition

Age-Related Differences in Listening Effort During Degraded Speech Recognition

Uncorrected versus demographically-corrected scores on the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in persons with traumatic brain injury and stroke.

Identification of dynapenia in older adults through the use of grip strength t‐scores

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