‘Normal’ markets, market imperfections and energy efficiency

Sanstad, Alan H.; Howarth, Richard B.

doi:10.1016/0301-4215(94)90139-2

Cited by 222 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1 partly based on the scientific theory on the subject, a questionnaire was created mostly covering barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency. It should be noted that the drivers are mainly derived from the workshop, while the barriers (presented in Table 1) are based on scientific literature (Blumstein et al, 1980;DeCanio, 1993;DeCanio, 1998;de Groot et al, 2001;Dias et al, 2004;Hirst and Brown, 1990;Howarth and Andersson, 1993;Jaffe and Stavins, 1994;Ramirez et al, 2005;Sanstad and Howarth, 1994;SPRU, 2000;Stern and Aronsson, 1984;Stern, 1992;Velthuijsen, 1995;Weber, 1997). Furthermore, the classification of barriers is not unambiguous (Weber, 1997).…”

Section: Percent [%]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry

Rohdin

Thollander

Solding³

2007

Energy Policy

263

267

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Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates the existence of different barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the energy intensive Swedish foundry industry. The overall results from a questionnaire show that limited access to capital constitutes by far the largest barrier to energy efficiency according to the respondents. A comparison between group owned and privately owned foundries shows that, except for limited access to capital, they face different high-ranked barriers. While barriers within group owned companies are more related to organizational problems, barriers within private foundries are more related to information problems. This study also found that energy consultants or other actors working with energy issues in foundries are of major importance in overcoming the largest barriers, as the foundries consider them trustworthy. They may thus help the 2 foundries overcome organisational problems such as lack of sub-metering and lack of budget funds by quantifying potential energy efficiency investments. The two, by far, most important drivers were found to be people with real ambition and longterm energy strategies.

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Section: Percent [%]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry

Rohdin

Thollander

Solding³

2007

Energy Policy

263

267

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“…However, both policy documents and the academic literature state that cost-effective energy measures are not always implemented. This discrepancy between optimal and actual implementation is often referred to as the energy efficiency gap, which has been illustrated and examined in multiple academic articles (e.g., York et al, 1978;Blumstein et al, 1980;Stern and Aronsson, 1984;Hirst and Brown, 1990;Gruber and Brand, 1991;Stern, 1992;DeCanio, 1993;Jaffe and Stavins, 1994;Sanstad and Howarth, 1994;Weber, 1997;Ostertag, 1999;Sorrell et al, 2000;Brown, 2001;de Groot et al, 2001;Schleich, 2004;Sorrell et al, 2004;Thollander, 2006, Thollander et al, 2007;Rohdin et al, 2007;Thollander and Ottosson, 2008;Schleich and Gruber, 2008;Sardianou, 2008;Hasanbeigi et al, 2010;Fleiter et al, 2011;Trianni and Cagno, 2011;Chai and Yeo, 2012). One of the most cited of these articles is by Jaffe and Stavins (1994), who explain the gap and how its extent differs depending on the definition of energy efficiency potential used and the perspective addressed.…”

Section: The Energy Efficiency Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending the energy efficiency gap

et al. 2012

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In order to reach the EU: s 20-20-20 primary energy savings target, energy efficiency needs to increase. Previous research on energy use and energy efficiency has focused mainly on the diffusion of energy efficient technologies. The discrepancy between optimal and actual implementation of energy efficient technologies has been illustrated in numerous articles and is often referred to as the energy efficiency gap. However, efficient technologies are not the only ways to increase energy efficiency. Empirical studies have found that a cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency is to combine investments in energy-efficient technologies with continuous energy management practices. By including energy management into an estimated energy efficiency potential this paper introduces 2 an extended energy efficiency gap, mainly in manufacturing industries and the commercial sector.The inclusion of energy management components in future energy policy will play an important role if the energy savings targets for 2020, and later 2050, are to be met in the EU.

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“…Related to the existence of market barriers are a number of market imperfections, as discussed by Sanstad and Howarth (1994) and Koomey and Sanstad (1994). The existence of these market barriers and imperfections indicates that policies which rely on economic instruments alone (such as a carbon tax) will not be particularly effective in reducing CO2 emissions, compared to a strategy which, among other things, addresses market barriers and imperfections.…”

Section: Measures To Limit Energy-related Co2 Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a risk-hedging CO2-emission policy, part II: Risks associated with measures to limit emissions, synthesis, and conclusions

Harvey

1996

Climatic Change

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Abstract. This paper is Part II of a two-part series in which the risks associated with unrestrained greenhouse-gas emissions, and with measures to limit emissions, are reviewed. A sustained limitation of global CO2 emissions requires global population stabilization, a reduction in per capita emissions in the developed world, and a limitation of the increase in per capita emissions in the developing world. Reducing or limiting per capita emissions requires a major effort to improve the efficiency with which energy is transformed and used; urban development which minimizes the need for the private automobile and facilitates district heating, cooling, and cogeneration systems; and accelerated development of renewable energy. The following risks associated with these efforts to limit C02 emissions are reviewed here: (i) resources might be diverted from other urgent needs; (ii) economic growth might be reduced; (iii) reduction measures might cost more than expected; (iv) early action might cost more than later action; (v) reduction measures might have undesired side effects; (vi) reduction measures might require heavy-handed government intervention; and (vii) reduction measures might not work. With gradual implementation of a diversified portfolio of measures, these risks can be greatly reduced. Net risk is further reduced by the fact that a number of non-climatic benefits would result from measures to limit CO2 emissions. Based on the review of risks associated with measures to limit emissions here, and the review of the risks associated with unrestrained emissions presented in Part I, it is concluded that a reasonable near-term (20--30 year) risk hedging strategy is one which seeks to stabilize global fossil CO2 emissions at the present (early 1990's) level. This in turn implies an emission reduction of 26% for industrialized countries as a whole and 40-50% for Canada and the USA if developing country emissions are to increase by no more than 60%, which in itself would require major assistance from the industrialized countries. The effectiveness of global CO2-emission stabilization in slowing down the buildup of atmospheric CO2 is enhanced by the fact that the airborne fraction (ratio of annual atmospheric CO2 increase to total annual anthropogenic emissions) decreases if emissions are stabilized, whereas it increases if emissions continue to grow exponentially. The framework and conclusions presented here are critically compared with so-called optimization frameworks.

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‘Normal’ markets, market imperfections and energy efficiency

Cited by 222 publications

References 23 publications

Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry

Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry

Extending the energy efficiency gap

Development of a risk-hedging CO2-emission policy, part II: Risks associated with measures to limit emissions, synthesis, and conclusions

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