Normal Human Sleep: An Overview

Carskadon, Mary A.; Dement, William C.

doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50009-4

Cited by 642 publications

(572 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The distribution and percentages of the sleep stages across the night is diverse: wakefulness constitutes approximately 5% of the night, stage N1 accounts for less than 5%, stage N2 covers 45% to 55% of sleep, stage N3 comprises about 15% to 25%, and REM sleep is usually 20% to 25% of sleep in typical healthy adults [16]. Similar values were obtained in our study for the baseline and post-deprivation nights (see Table 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Monitoring sleep depth: analysis of bispectral index (BIS) based on polysomnographic recordings and sleep deprivation

Giménez

Romero

Alonso

et al. 2015

J Clin Monit Comput

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The assessment and management of sleep are increasingly recommended in the clinical practice. Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard test to monitor sleep objectively, but some practical and technical constraints exist due to environmental and patient considerations. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring is commonly used in clinical practice for guiding anesthetic administration and provides an index based on relationships between EEG components. Due to similarities in EEG synchronization between anesthesia and sleep, several studies have assessed BIS as a sleep monitor with contradictory results. The aim of this study was to evaluate objectively both the feasibility and reliability of BIS for sleep monitoring through a robust methodology, which included full PSG recordings at a baseline situation and after 40h of sleep deprivation. Results confirmed that the BIS index was highly correlated with the hypnogram (0.89±0.02), showing a progressive decrease as sleep deepened, and an increase during REM sleep (awake: 91.77±8.42; stage N1: 83.95±11.05; stage N2: 71.71±11.99; stage N3: 42.41±9.14; REM: 80.11±8.73). Mean and median BIS values were lower in the postdeprivation night than in the baseline night, showing statistical differences for the slow wave sleep (baseline: 42.41±9.14 vs post-deprivation: 39.49±10.27; p=0.02). BIS scores were able to discriminate properly between deep (N3) and light (N1, N2) sleep. BIS values during REM overlapped those of other sleep stages, although EMG activity provided by the BIS monitor could help to identify REM sleep if needed. In conclusion, BIS monitors could provide a useful measure of sleep depth in especially particular situations such as intensive care units, and they could be used as an alternative for sleep monitoring in order to reduce PSG-derived costs and to increase capacity in ambulatory care.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Monitoring sleep depth: analysis of bispectral index (BIS) based on polysomnographic recordings and sleep deprivation

Giménez

Romero

Alonso

et al. 2015

J Clin Monit Comput

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“…In the course of the night, sleep cycles recur three to seven times. [4], [5] . NREM sleep accounts for 75% to 80% and REM sleep accounts for 20% to 25% of the total sleep time [1], [3], [6], [7], [8] .…”

Section: Sleep Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benzodiazepines suppress slow-wave sleep and do not affect REM. Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, increase sleep latency, fragment sleep, and suppress REM sleep [4], [10], [12] .…”

Section: Pharmaceuticals and Recreational Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiologic Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness

Markov

Goldman

2006

Psychiatric Clinics of North America

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“…24 , 25 Despite the frequent attention to hyperarousal in the literature, it is not frequently defi ned. In this report we conceptualize hyperarousal as heightened physiologic, aff ective, or cognitive activity, which interferes with the natural "disengagement from […] the environment" 26 and decreases the likelihood of sleep. Hyperarousal may be detected using such measures as increased cortisol, heart rate variability, EEG, or even self-report (eg, "I can't turn off my mind, " "I feel so keyed up").…”

Section: Levels Of Analysis: An Approach To Understanding Insomniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathophysiology of Insomnia

Levenson

Kay

Buysse

2015

Chest

276

147

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Insomnia disorder is characterized by chronic dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality that is associated with diffi culty falling asleep, frequent nighttime awakenings with diffi culty returning to sleep, and/or awakening earlier in the morning than desired. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the nature, etiology, and pathophysiology of insomnia, there is still no universally accepted model. Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of insomnia may provide important information regarding how, and under what conditions, the disorder develops and is maintained as well as potential targets for prevention and treatment.The aims of this report are (1) to summarize current knowledge on the pathophysiology of insomnia and (2) to present a model of the pathophysiology of insomnia that considers evidence from various domains of research. Working within several models of insomnia, evidence for the pathophysiology of the disorder is presented across levels of analysis, from genetic to molecular and cellular mechanisms, neural circuitry, physiologic mechanisms, sleep behavior, and self-report. We discuss the role of hyperarousal as an overarching theme that guides our conceptualization of insomnia. Finally, we propose a model of the pathophysiology of insomnia that integrates the various types of evidence presented.

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Normal Human Sleep: An Overview

Cited by 642 publications

References 36 publications

Monitoring sleep depth: analysis of bispectral index (BIS) based on polysomnographic recordings and sleep deprivation

Monitoring sleep depth: analysis of bispectral index (BIS) based on polysomnographic recordings and sleep deprivation

Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiologic Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness

The Pathophysiology of Insomnia

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