Normal fault geometry and fault reactivation in tectonic inversion experiments

Krantz, Robert W.

doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.056.01.15

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, reactivation of the lower portion of early thrusts by normal faults suggests that the drop in shear strength due to sand dilatancy along thrusts contributes (although it may not play a determining role) to the localization of subsequent extensional faults, as suggested by the experimental results of Faccenna et al (1995). The normal fault geometry is similar to the linked faults of Krantz (1991) and the mode of interaction between thrusts and later faults is equivalent to the branching at depth mode obtained by Faccenna et al (1995) for similar initial thrust dips (32~176…”

Section: Discussion: Modes Of Interaction Between Pre-existing Thrustsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Deformation is localized along a few long and steeply-dipping, obliqueslip normal faults that displace thrust faults and nucleate in a narrow zone above the VD. The oblique-slip faults have a large strike-slip component and show no relation with previous anticlinal structures (unlinked faults of Krantz 1991). Although the no interaction mode was suggested by Faccenna et al (1995) to characterize models with initial thrust dips < 3 2 ~ _ 1 ~ in the current models this behaviour is also obtained for slightly higher initial thrust dips in the range of 32~ ~ .…”

Section: Discussion: Modes Of Interaction Between Pre-existing Thrustmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Dip of thrusts lower than 25 ~ were occasionally observed and were probably linked to the rotation of secondary structures during progressive displacement along major thrusts (e.g., Krantz 1991).…”

Section: Modelling Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mechanical theory suggests that the probability of reactivation of pre-existing thrust faults depends on their orientation with respect to the superimposed extensional stress field (e.g., Sibson 1985). The process was investigated in previous analogue models (Krantz 1991;Faccenna et al 1995 and references therein), suggesting that the initial dip of thrust faults has a major control on the development of successive normal faults. Both studies started with a phase of shortening that resulted in progressively steeper thrust faults prior to extension.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Interaction between normal faults and pre-existing thrust systems in analogue models

Corti

Lucia

Bonini

et al. 2006

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The influence of pre-existing thrusts on the development of later normal faults was investigated using scaled laboratory analogue models. Experiments consisted of a phase of shortening followed by extension at variable angles of obliquity (o0 to the shortening direction. Results suggest that the angle oz has a major influence on the surface fault pattern and on the interaction between shortening-related structures and later extensional structures. Three different modes of interactions were identified depending upon the extension kinematics. (1) For orthogonal extension (o~ = 0~ shortening-related fold and thrust structures strongly influence the development of normal faults: graben structures nucleate within anticlines and the normal faults reactivate thrusts at depth (branching at depth mode of interaction). (2) For highly oblique extension (c~ > 45~ shortening-related structures exert no influence on normal faults as extension-related steeply-dipping faults (characterized by an oblique component of movement) displace early thrusts (no interaction mode). (3) For intermediate obliquity angles (c~ = 15 ~ 30~ an intermediate mode of interaction characterizes the experiments, where the no interaction and branching at depth modes coexist in different regions of models.Modelling results can be used to infer regional extension directions as is shown for the Northern Appenines (Italy).

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Section: Discussion: Modes Of Interaction Between Pre-existing Thrustsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussion: Modes Of Interaction Between Pre-existing Thrustmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Modelling Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction between normal faults and pre-existing thrust systems in analogue models

Corti

Lucia

Bonini

et al. 2006

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“…The pore-water pressure in sand was accordingly held at a value so that the cohesion was approximately 5• 101 Pa (Cs=40-50 Pa). Once dilated, the cohesion of sand decreases and allows fault reactivation (Krantz 1991). Elastic strain, however, cannot be studied in sand models (Cobbold and Castro 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

Formation of caldera periphery faults: an experimental study

2001

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Changing stresses in multi-stage caldera volcanoes were simulated in scaled analogue experiments aiming to reconstruct the mechanism(s) associated with caldera formation and the corresponding zones of structural weakness. We evaluate characteristic structures resulting from doming (chamber inflation), evacuation collapse (chamber deflation) and cyclic resurgence (inflation and deflation), and we analyse the consequential fault patterns and their statistical relationship to morphology and geometry. Doming results in radial fractures and subordinate concentric reverse faults which propagate divergently from the chamber upwards with increasing dilation. The structural dome so produced is characterised bysteepening in the periphery, whereas the broadening apex subsides. Pure evacuation causes the chamber roof to collapse along adjacent bell-shaped reverse faults. The distribution of concentric faults is influenced by the initial edifice morphology: steep and irregular initial flanks result in a tilted or chaotic caldera floor. The third set of experiments focused on the structural interaction of cyclic inflation and subsequent moderate deflation. Following doming, caldera subsidence produces concentric faults that characteristically crosscut radial cracks of the dome. The flanks of the edifice relax, resulting in discontinuous circumferential faults that outline a structural network of radial and concentric faults; the latter form locally uplifted and tiltedwedges (halfgrabens) that grade into horst-and-graben structures. This superimposed fault pattern also extends inside the caldera. We suggest that major pressure deviations in magma chamber(s) are reflected in the fault arrangement dissecting the volcanoflanks and may be used as a first-

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Measurements of friction coefficients and cohesion for faulting and fault reactivation in laboratory models using sand and sand mixtures

1991

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Normal fault geometry and fault reactivation in tectonic inversion experiments

Abstract: Scaled physical models of extensional structures associated with fault reactivation

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Interaction between normal faults and pre-existing thrust systems in analogue models

Interaction between normal faults and pre-existing thrust systems in analogue models

Formation of caldera periphery faults: an experimental study

Measurements of friction coefficients and cohesion for faulting and fault reactivation in laboratory models using sand and sand mixtures

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