Normal Child and Adolescent Development

Gilmore, Karen; Meersand, Pamela

doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781585625031.rh05

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Deci and Ryan (2000), as well as Louw and Louw (2007), hold the view that preadolescents rely less on parents and family members, and will therefore develop a strong sense of autonomy. Gilmore and Meersand (2014) found that preadolescents enjoy making decisions about their lives and are dissatisfied with being told, or instructed, what to do. Fewer preadolescents who participated in the study have a sense of relatedness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Family Conflict on the Psychological Needs and Externalising Behaviour of Preadolescents

Kader

Roman

2018

SWORK

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Preadolescence forms part of the developmental stage referred to as middle childhood. According to Uhls and Greenfield (2012), preadolescence is the period of age 10-12 years, marking the beginning of significant changes within the family, especially in terms of adjusting to the behavioural, emotional and physical changes, such as mood changes, peer influences, testing boundaries and becoming rebellious, forming identity, bodily changes, puberty and trying to be less dependent on care-givers (Marin, Bohanek & Fivush, 2008). Family conflict may intensify preadolescents' reactions to challenging experiences, as they may feel overwhelmed with the emotional, physical and social changes occurring during this period (Lewinsohn, Roberts, Seeley, Rohde, Gotlib, & Hops, 1994; Uhls & Greenfield, 2012). Family conflict involves active opposition between family members (Marta & Alfieri, 2014). This refers to "arguments, abusive behaviour, fights and violence between marital or de facto partners, or other people within the home" (Habib et al., 2014). When the family environment does not provide suitable pathways to fulfil the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, individuals are not able to satisfy the needs which are essential for their ongoing psychological growth, integrity and wellbeing. The need for autonomy is explained by Ryan and Deci (2017) and Darner (2009) as having a sense of choice and decision in the regulation of behaviour. Louw and Louw (2014: 336) assert preadolescents want and need to be involved in decision-making as this facilitates growth and allows them to be less dependent on their parents or other family members. Competence is described by Ryan and Deci (2017) as energising human activity, which alludes to using one's abilities to the best of one's ability. The preadolescent must feel competent in an age-appropriate or skill-appropriate task (Darner, 2009). If the preadolescent is successful in this stage, s/he will need, and want, accomplishments, strive for the completion of tasks and seek recognition for work well done. If competence is not

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…achieved, preadolescents will encounter a sense of uselessness, inferiority and inadequacy, and their need would be frustrated (Erikson 1968, Gilmore & Meersand, 2014. Relatedness, according to Ryan, Huta and Deci (2008), refers to being loved and cared about by others, as well as loving and caring for others, thereby creating a sense of belonging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Family Conflict on the Psychological Needs and Externalising Behaviour of Preadolescents

Kader

Roman

2018

SWORK

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“…For example, increased impulsivity and risk taking are features of this developmental period that are shared across mammalian species (Spear, ). Unstable self‐image can also be a normative finding as teenagers are actively building a sense of self and consolidating an adult identity (Gilmore & Meersand, ; Sharp & Wall, ). Finally, intense interpersonal relationships and defensive styles of idealization and devaluation are also somewhat common in normative adolescence (Gilmore & Meersand, ).…”

Section: Risk Factors and Diagnostic Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unstable self‐image can also be a normative finding as teenagers are actively building a sense of self and consolidating an adult identity (Gilmore & Meersand, ; Sharp & Wall, ). Finally, intense interpersonal relationships and defensive styles of idealization and devaluation are also somewhat common in normative adolescence (Gilmore & Meersand, ). Areas of potential overlap with pediatric MDD diagnoses include irritability and affective instability (already a challenging symptom domain diagnostically) and recurrent suicidality or self‐harm.…”

Section: Risk Factors and Diagnostic Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Research Review: Defining and treating pediatric treatment‐resistant depression

Dwyer

Stringaris

Brent

et al. 2020

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Background Adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant health problem, associated with substantial morbidity, cost, and mortality. Depression is a significant risk factor for suicide, which is now the second leading cause of death in young people. Up to twenty per cent of adolescents will experience MDD before adulthood, and while a substantial proportion will improve with standard‐of‐care treatments (psychotherapy and medication), roughly one third will not. Methods Here, we have reviewed the literature in order to discuss the concept of treatment‐resistant depression (TRD) in adolescence, examine risk factors, diagnostic difficulties, and challenges in evaluating symptom improvement, and providing guidance on how to define adequate medication and psychotherapy treatment trials. Results We propose a staging model for adolescent TRD and review the treatment literature. The evidence base for first‐ and second‐line treatments primarily derives from four large pediatric clinical trials (TADS, TORDIA, ADAPT, and IMPACT). After two medications and a trial of evidence‐based psychotherapy have failed to alleviate depressive symptoms, the evidence becomes quite thin for subsequent treatments. Here, we review the evidence for the effectiveness of medication switches, medication augmentation, psychotherapy augmentation, and interventional treatments (i.e., transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and ketamine) for adolescent TRD. Comparisons are drawn to the adult TRD literature, and areas for future pediatric depression research are highlighted. Conclusions As evidence is limited for treatments in this population, a careful consideration of the known risks and side effects of escalated treatments (e.g., mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics) is warranted and weighed against potential, but often untested, benefits.

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“…Çalışmalar (Nelson, 1996;Ruffman ve ark., 2002) göstermektedir ki anneler çocuklarına zengin interaktif konuşmalar sağladığında-örneğin çocuğu deneyimlerinin sözlü anlatımı ve 'hissediyorum, istiyorum, düşünür müsün gibi zihin durumu sözcükleri-çocuğun sözel kapasitesi ve sosyal-duygusal anlayışı artmaktadır (akt. Gilmore & Meersand, 2014). Hâlihazırda uygulanan masal terapi programlarında masalların terapötik etkilerinden yararlanılarak iyileştirme çalışmaları yapılmaktadır.…”

Section: Materyalunclassified

Peri Masalları ve Çizgi Animasyon Filmlerindeki Zihin Durumlarının İncelenmesi

Duman

Oral

2018

Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi

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ÖZ Mentalizasyon, "kişinin kendisindeki ve başkalarındaki inançlar, niyetler, duygular, motivasyonlar gibi duygusal ve düşünsel süreçleri kavrayabilme, bunları birbiriyle ilişkilendirebilme ve buna göre davranabilme becerisi" olarak tanımlanır. Mentalizasyon kavramının önemi; son yıllarda saldırganlıkşiddet çalışmaları, duygudurum düzenlemesi, kişilik bozuklukları (özellikle borderline kişilik bozukluğu), müdahale ve terapi programlarının oluşturulması konularında yapılan çalışmalarda vurgulanmaktadır. Ebeveyn çocuk ilişkilerinde kullanılan masallar, hayal dünyasına etkisiyle mentalizasyon için mükemmel bir başlangıç noktası kabul edilmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle masallardaki mentalizasyon katkı düzeylerinin araştırılması için doğu ve batı kültüründen on beşer masal incelemeye alınmıştır. Günümüzde teknolojik gelişmeler ile değişen sosyo-kültürel yaşam, masal kitaplarının da yerini çizgi filmlere bırakmasına neden olmuştur. Çocukların masalları animasyon filmleri izleyerek öğrenmeleri nedeniyle çalışmaya masalların postmodern formu olarak görülen animasyon filmler de dâhil edilmiştir. Dünya genelinde en çok izlenen ilk on beş animasyon film seçilerek üçüncü grubu oluşturmuştur. Masal ve animasyon film metinlerdeki zihin durumu sözcükleri CS-MST kodlama sisteminde belirtilen kategoriler altında kodlanarak sayısallaştırılmış, sonuçlar üç grup açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak masalların animasyon filmlere göre daha yüksek mentalizasyon katkısı sağladığı, mentalizasyon kapasitesinin geliştirilmesinde kullanılacak kıymetli araçlar olduğu görülmüştür.

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Normal Child and Adolescent Development

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

The Effects of Family Conflict on the Psychological Needs and Externalising Behaviour of Preadolescents

The Effects of Family Conflict on the Psychological Needs and Externalising Behaviour of Preadolescents

Annual Research Review: Defining and treating pediatric treatment‐resistant depression

Peri Masalları ve Çizgi Animasyon Filmlerindeki Zihin Durumlarının İncelenmesi

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