Normal and pathological color characteristics of human blood components

Abstract

We have determined the averaged absorption spectra in the near UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for aqueous solutions of hemolyzed blood, plasma, and serum from 100 donors and 95 patients with different diagnoses and different severity of their conditions. From the averaged absorption spectra, we calculated the color characteristics of the hemolyzed blood, plasma, and serum from the donors and patients by the standard CIE procedure. The blood is considered as a single, indivisible light-absorbing system in studying complex biological specimens.Introduction. Colorimetric studies of blood are actively used in medicine [1], criminal law, [2], and the food industry [3,4]. In medical practice, colorimetric methods are used to determine the hemoglobin concentration in the blood of a patient (the color index) [5]. Today a rather exact (±1%) cyanomethemoglobin photometric method is used everywhere, in which cyanomethemoglobin is determined at a wavelength of 540 nm after preparation of a working solution of the blood in Drabkin reagent. Various modifications of this method do not change its essential physical nature [6]. Furthermore, spectral analysis in the visible region has been used to determine oxyhemoglobin and other hemoglobin-containing compounds from the absorption spectra of blood and its solutions [6][7][8][9]. Despite this, the quantitative colorimetric characteristics of blood have not been studied before.The aim of this work was to study the color characteristics of hemolyzed blood, plasma, and serum from donors in the visible range of the absorption spectra by standard CIE methods (International Commission on Illumination, 1964).The basic color characteristics (lightness and chromaticity coordinates) determine the position of the color of the specimen in an arbitrary color space, and are found by the CIE method [10,11].The familiar spectrophotometric method for color measurements involves measuring the spectral power distribution of the radiation followed by calculation of the color coordinates by multiplying the determined spectral power distribution function times the three color-matching functions, and then integrating the products. For the spectral power distribution function of the source E(λ), the spectral transmittance function τ(λ), and x(λ), y(λ), z(λ) (the color-matching functions), the color coordinates X, Y, Z are determined by integration over the wavelength range for visible radiation 380-760 nm. In practice, integration is replaced by summation over the interval dλ (from 5 to 10 nm), since the spectral functions under the integral sign are usually not easily integrated:

New Results in the Theory and Practical Application of Color

“…Several classes of compounds, including PAH, were studied by dependence (25). The corresponding coefficients for IP and EA are presented in Tables 8 and 9.As can be seen from the tables, the accuracy of the assessment of ionization potentials and electron affinity is satisfactory.…”

“…This cycle of works is described [22][23][24][25][26] and executed together with Dr. N. Kalashchenko and Dr. S. Dezortsev. The experiments were conducted at the Ufa Medical University and the Republican Clinic named after Kuvatov (Ufa, Russia).…”

“…The blood is considered as a single, indivisible light-absorbing system in studying complex biological specimens. We studied the relationship between the color characteristics of human blood in normal and pathological conditions [22][23][24][25][26]. Let us consider these aspects in more detail.…”

“…For example, in a few minutes, it is possible to determine such properties of formation oils as the average molecular weight, viscosity, density, thermal stability index, index of reactivity of fractions in the processes of coking and thermal cracking, etc. EPS methods were adopted in the oil and petrochemical industry [2][3][4], environmental monitoring [3], biophysics and medicine [24,25], nanotechnology and molecular electronics [15][16][17][18], and space exploration.…”

Features of Color Characteristics of Blood Plasma of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis in the Colorimetric System XYZ as Compared with Healthy People

“…This method helped to find out that the integral characteristics of absorption of electromagnetic radiation (the integral oscillator power, the effective ionization potential and the effective affinity to electron) in the visible, ultraviolet and near-IR areas for aqueous solutions of plasma can serve as a criterion for evaluating functional state of human body [2]. Then the connection between the color characteristics of blood plasma in the XYZ colorimetric system and functional state of human body was determined [3,4].…”