Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Development

Groot, Adriana C. Gittenberger‐de; Jongbloed, Monique R.M.; Poelmann, Robert E.

doi:10.1002/9781444398786.ch1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 146 publications

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“…The cardiovascular system begins to develop within the lateral intra-embryonic mesoderm at 4 weeks gestational age 7 . At this time, the primitive heart tube is formed and starts pulsating after 5 completed weeks of gestation, that is, day 22 after conception 8 .…”

Section: Visualisation Of the Foetal Heart Before 10 Weeks Of Gestatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging the first trimester heart: ultrasound correlation with morphology

et al. 2014

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First trimester sonography is a widely used technique to examine the foetus early in pregnancy. The desire to recognise complex anatomy already in early developmental stages stresses the need for a thorough knowledge of basic developmental processes as well as recognition of cardiac compartments based on their morphology. In this paper, we describe the possibilities and limitations of sonographic assessment of the foetal heart between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation and correlate this to morphology. Examples of the most commonly detected congenital anomalies are atrioventricular septal defects, transposition of the great arteries, and hypoplastic left heart, which are shown in this paper.

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Section: Visualisation Of the Foetal Heart Before 10 Weeks Of Gestatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging the first trimester heart: ultrasound correlation with morphology

et al. 2014

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Normal and abnormal development of the cardiac conduction system; implications for conduction and rhythm disorders in the child and adult

et al. 2012

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Morphogenesis and molecular considerations on congenital cardiac septal defects

et al. 2014

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The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level. Alignment and fusion of the septal components is required to ensure full septation of the heart. Deficiencies lead to septal defects at various levels. Addition of myocardium and mesenchymal tissues from the second heart field (SHF) to the primary heart tube, as well as a population of neural crest cells, provides the necessary cellular players. Surprisingly, the study of the molecular background of these defects does not show a great diversity of responsible transcription factors and downstream gene pathways. Epigenetic modulation and mutations high up in several transcription factor pathways (e.g. NODAL and GATA4) may lead to defects at all levels. Disturbance of modulating pathways, involving primarily the SHF-derived cell populations and the genes expressed therein, results at the arterial pole (e.g. TBX1) in a spectrum of ventricular septal defects located at the level of the outflow tract. At the venous pole (e.g. TBX5), it can explain a variety of atrial septal defects. The various defects can occur as isolated anomalies or within families. In this review developmental, morphological, genetic, as well as epigenetic aspects of septal defects are discussed.

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Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Development

Cited by 3 publications

References 146 publications

Imaging the first trimester heart: ultrasound correlation with morphology

Imaging the first trimester heart: ultrasound correlation with morphology

Normal and abnormal development of the cardiac conduction system; implications for conduction and rhythm disorders in the child and adult

Morphogenesis and molecular considerations on congenital cardiac septal defects

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