Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Release and Adrenergic Mediation of Smoking-Associated Hemodynamic and Metabolic Events

Cryer, Philip E.; Haymond, Morey W.; Santiago, Julio V.; Shah, Suresh D.

doi:10.1056/nejm197609092951101

Cited by 1,050 publications

(492 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In an experimental control trial using two oral glucose tolerance tests, smoking acutely impairs glucose tolerance and acutely increases serum insulin and Cpeptide concentrations [31]. Cigarette smoking is also known to stimulate the release of counter-regulatory hormones and consequently cause temporary increase in plasma glucose concentrations [32,33]. Moreover, recent epidemiologic studies have found the positive association between cigarette smoking and risk for diabetes [6,7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

et al. 2002

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Considerable research has been done on factors that influence the development of Type II (non-insulindependent) diabetes mellitus. Age, family history of diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, reduced physical activity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia have been confirmed as important predictors of Type II diabetes mellitus [1±11]. More recently, markers of low-grade inflammation have been shown to predict the occurrence of Type II diabetes mellitus [12,13]. Concentrations of inflammatory markers and mediators of inflammation ± cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 ± are higher in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus, particularly in those with features of insulin resistance [14±16]. White blood cells (WBCs), another major component of the inflammatory process, are increased by cytokines, especially Diabetologia (2002) Abstract Aims/hypothesis. To investigate the association between white blood-cell (WBC) count and the development of diabetes, independent of cigarette smoking. Methods. We examined 2953 Japanese men who were office workers and between 35 and 59 years of age and who did not have impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (a fasting glucose concentration of 6.1±6.9 mmol/l), Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (a fasting glucose concentration of ³ 7.0 mmol/l or more or receipt of hypoglycaemic medication), medication for hypertension, and a history of cardiovascular disease. Fasting glucose concentrations were measured at annual health examinations from May 1994 through May 2000. Results. After controlling for potential predictors of diabetes, the relative risk for IFG or Type II diabetes mellitus compared with a WBC count of less than 5.3´10 9 cells/l was 1.2 (95 %-CI, 0.6±2.3), 1.6 (CI, 0.8±3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

et al. 2002

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“…These data are consistent with previous reports that smokers have higher basal cortisol and DHEA levels than nonsmokers (Pomerleau et al, 1992;Field et al, 1994;del Arbol et al, 2000;al'Absi et al, 2003). Cigarette smoking usually induces an increase in plasma cortisol levels (Cryer et al, 1976;Winternitz and Quillen, 1977;Spohr et al, 1979;Wilkins et al, 1982;Seyler et al, 1984;Gossain et al, 1986; see for review Pickworth and Fant, 1998), and cortisol may remain elevated as a consequence of repeated cigarette smoking throughout the day. It has also been suggested that nicotine may inhibit the diurnal decrease in plasma cortisol levels (Pomerleau et al, 1992).…”

Section: Subjective Responses To Smoking High-and Low-nicotine Cigarementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Low- and High-Nicotine Cigarette Smoking on Mood States and the HPA Axis in Men

Mendelson

Sholar

Goletiani

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

125

106

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The acute effects of smoking a low-or high-nicotine cigarette on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormones, subjective responses, and cardiovascular measures were studied in 20 healthy men who met American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV criteria for nicotine dependence. Within four puffs (or 2 min) after cigarette smoking began, plasma nicotine levels and heart rate increased significantly (Po0.01), and peak ratings of 'high' and 'rush' on a Visual Analogue Scale were reported. Reports of 'high,' 'rush,' and 'liking' and reduction of 'craving' were significantly greater after smoking a high-nicotine cigarette than a low-nicotine cigarette (Po0.05). Peak plasma nicotine levels after high-nicotine cigarette smoking (23.972.6 ng/ml) were significantly greater than after lownicotine cigarette smoking (3.6370.59 ng/ml) (Po0.001). After smoking a low-nicotine cigarette, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and epinephrine did not change significantly from baseline. After high-nicotine cigarette smoking began, plasma ACTH levels increased significantly above baseline within 12 min and reached peak levels of 21.8875.34 pmol/l within 20 min. ACTH increases were significantly correlated with increases in plasma nicotine (r ¼ 0.85; Po0.0001), DHEA (r ¼ 0.66; P ¼ 0.002), and epinephrine (r ¼ 0.86; Po0.0001). Cortisol and DHEA increased significantly within 20 min (Po0.05) and reached peak levels of 424748 and 21.1372.55 ng/ml within 60 and 30 min, respectively. Thus cigarette smoking produced nicotine dose-related effects on HPA hormones and subjective and cardiovascular measures. These data suggest that activation of the HPA axis may contribute to the abuse-related effects of cigarette smoking.

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“…While smoking has been shown to raise blood pressure by vasoconstriction and accelerated heart rate as an acute effect, [1][2][3][4] the chronic effects of habitual smoking have not been elucidated in epidemiological studies. Different groups have reported that no association existed between smoking habit and blood pressure, [5][6][7][8][9] that blood pressure of smokers was lower than that of non-smokers, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or that smoking raised blood pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men

et al. 2002

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We conducted a cross-sectional study to clarify the dose-effect relationship of smoking habits with blood pressure in Japanese men. The subjects were 2781 normotensive male steelworkers ranging in age from 40 to 54 years. They were classified into five categories according to their smoking habits: non-smokers, exsmokers, light smokers, moderate smokers and heavy smokers. Age, body mass index, salt intake, physical activity, drinking habits, and levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total serum cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine and plasma glucose were analysed as covariates. The association between smoking habits and blood pressure was evaluated using analysis of covariance. Our results showed that there was no significant differ-

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Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Release and Adrenergic Mediation of Smoking-Associated Hemodynamic and Metabolic Events

Cited by 1,050 publications

References 27 publications

White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

White blood-cell count and the risk of impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

Effects of Low- and High-Nicotine Cigarette Smoking on Mood States and the HPA Axis in Men

An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men

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