Nord-Togo und seine westliche Nachbarschaft

Fisch, Rudolf

doi:10.5479/sil.310121.39088000758771

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…According to the MS, the smelting was successful and can be considered as among the best obtained so far. This technical appreciation is in agreement with historical observations [23]. A scheme in Fig.…”

Section: The Smelting Processsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…2a) [33]. The furnaces produce horseshoe shaped ingots [1,23], that can reach a weight at about 27 kg (Fig. 2b) [33].…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research in the Bassar region in the Republic of Togo follows the above-described goals, particularly about the smelting technology of Bandjeli. Studies on this community were conducted by historians [4], and archaeologists [11,[14][15][16], anthropologists [1,12,[17][18][19], geologists [20][21][22] and missionaries [23][24][25]. In the Bassar area, the smelters are also farmers during the raining season, peculiarity, which was observed also in the Dogon region in Republic of Mali [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Reproduction of the Ancient Bandjeli��s Steel-Making Process

Kpelou¹

2014

IJMSA

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This paper presents an ancient traditional steel-making process of Bandjeli, in the Bassar Region in the Republic of Togo (West Africa). The iron specialists of Bandjeli have owned technical knowledge to cast direct reduced iron (DRI) likely direct reduced steel (DRS). This know-how was transferred to each generation over many centuries. The description of this steel-making process is focused on the steps that lead to the iron ingot: the construction of the furnace, the raw materials collection and their preparation, the furnace filling and the smelting operation. Microstructures of as-smelted and thermo-mechanical treated samples as well as hardness data are presented. Optical and SEM micrographs indicate a Widmannstätten structure type, comprising of a plates or needles of ferrite or alpha iron (Feα) in light contrast and grains of pearlite (dark contrast). Micro-hardness measurements indicate values ranging from 100 to 700 Hv, this field covers the micro-hardness values of the ferrite and pearlite. Microstructural and mechanical properties of the as-obtained product suggest direct steel processing from Bandjeli's natural draught furnace. These results are necessary for further investigations on the as-smelted steel and on the contribution of this traditional smelting technology to the iron industry.

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Section: The Smelting Processsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…2a) [33]. The furnaces produce horseshoe shaped ingots [1,23], that can reach a weight at about 27 kg (Fig. 2b) [33].…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Reproduction of the Ancient Bandjeli��s Steel-Making Process

Kpelou¹

2014

IJMSA

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“…1892;Herold 1893;Hupfeld 1899;Fisch 1911). Later, Rattray visited the area in 1915 and reported about ironworking (Rattray 1916).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Hammers of Mawu: Ironworking Traditions in the Togo Hills, Ghana

Pole¹

2010

Afr Archaeol Rev

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This paper examines ironworking practices and traditions among the Mawu (Akpafu) and Lolobi communities of the northern Volta Region of Ghana. It compares them with other accounts gathered from published sources and observations made during fieldwork conducted in the 1970s. It describes the processes of mining, smelting, and tool manufacturing from reconstructions and oral histories and delineates the transformations that have been worked on the content of the tradition in the past 100 years.

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Bassar: a quantified, chronologically controlled, regional approach to a traditional iron production centre in West Africa

Barros¹

1986

Africa

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Opening ParagraphUntil quite recently little was known about the output of traditional ironworking centres in sub-Saharan Africa. Although some estimates were made for a few centres by colonial administrators and agents, the reliability of many of these figures is doubtful (see Pole, 1983; de Barros, 1985: 270–71) and some of the more interesting data still lie buried in colonial archives. The first serious scholarly attempt at quantification of precolonial African iron production was made by Warnier and Fowler (1979) who investigated iron production in the Iron Belt of the Cameroon grasslands, particularly that associated with the nineteenthcentury Babungo chiefdom. Since then Goucher (1981, 1984) and Pole (1983), and to a lesser extent Haaland (1980), have provided some important quantitative data regarding both large and small iron working centres in West Africa.

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Nord-Togo und seine westliche Nachbarschaft

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

A Reproduction of the Ancient Bandjeli��s Steel-Making Process

A Reproduction of the Ancient Bandjeli��s Steel-Making Process

The Hammers of Mawu: Ironworking Traditions in the Togo Hills, Ghana

Bassar: a quantified, chronologically controlled, regional approach to a traditional iron production centre in West Africa

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