Abstract:Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) modulates the consolidation of memory for many kinds of highly emotionally arousing training tasks. The present experiments investigated whether posttraining noradrenergic activation of the BLA is sufficient to enable memory consolidation of a low-arousing training experience. Sprague-Dawley rats received intra-BLA infusions of norepinephrine, the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol or saline immediately after either 3 or 10 min of obj… Show more
“…Prior studies indicate that the BLA modulates the consolidation for many different types of learning including inhibitory avoidance (LaLumiere et al 2004(LaLumiere et al , 2005, CFC Huff and Rudy 2004), conditioned taste aversion (Miranda et al 2003;Guzman-Ramos and Bermudez-Rattoni 2012), spatial and cued-response learning (Packard et al 1994), and novel object recognition (Roozendaal et al 2008;Bass et al 2012). However, evidence also indicates that different types or kinds of learning involve separate and distinct brain regions, as, for example, the hippocampus and caudate are involved in the consolidation of spatial and cued water maze learning, respectively (Packard et al 1994).…”
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates memory consolidation for a variety of types of learning, whereas other brain regions play more selective roles in specific kinds of learning suggesting a role for differential consolidation via distinct BLA pathways. The ventral hippocampus (VH), an efferent target of the BLA, has been suggested to selectively process emotionrelated learning, yet whether the BLA VH pathway modulates memory consolidation, and does so in a learning-specific manner, is unknown. To address this issue, the BLA of male Sprague-Dawley rats was bilaterally transduced to express either ChR2(E123A) or eArchT3.0. Fiber optic probes were implanted in the VH to provide illumination of BLA axons. Rats then underwent a modified contextual fear conditioning task permitting separation of context and footshock learning. On day 1, rats received 3 min of pre-exposure to the apparatus. On day 2, rats were placed into the apparatus, received an immediate footshock, and quickly removed. Retention was tested on day 4. Optical stimulation of the BLA VH pathway following footshock, but not context, training using trains of 40-Hz light pulses enhanced retention. Continuous optical inhibition of this pathway for 15 min starting 25 min after footshock training impaired retention. These findings indicate that BLA VH projections influence the consolidation for footshock, but not context, learning of a modified CFC task and provide direct evidence that BLA projections to other brain regions modulate memory consolidation selectively depending on the kind of learning involved.Learning and memory involves complex interactions among multiple brain regions that play discrete roles in the consolidation of specific kinds of memories. However, work strongly indicates that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates the consolidation of a wide array of memories. It has been hypothesized that the BLA plays this more general role, at least in part, through interactions with distinct regions (McGaugh 2002(McGaugh , 2004McIntyre et al. 2012). BLA connections with forebrain regions such as the hippocampus and striatum that are selectively involved in the consolidation of certain kinds of memories (McDonald 1991;Pitkänen et al. 2000;McGaugh 2002;Malin and McGaugh 2006;Paz et al. 2006;Chavez et al. 2013) suggest that efferent pathways from the BLA may be selectively involved in modulating consolidation for specific kinds of information.Indeed, much evidence suggests that the BLA interacts with the hippocampus during memory consolidation (Packard et al. 1994;Roozendaal et al. 1999;Malin and McGaugh 2006) and that the BLA directly or indirectly influences activity and plasticity in different parts of the hippocampal formation (Ikegaya et al. 1995;Frey et al. 2001;McIntyre et al. 2005;McReynolds et al. 2014;Lovitz and Thompson 2015). These findings suggest pathway mechanisms by which the BLA influences the consolidation of memories regulated by the hippocampal formation. However, the hippocampus comprises different subregions, including dors...
“…Prior studies indicate that the BLA modulates the consolidation for many different types of learning including inhibitory avoidance (LaLumiere et al 2004(LaLumiere et al , 2005, CFC Huff and Rudy 2004), conditioned taste aversion (Miranda et al 2003;Guzman-Ramos and Bermudez-Rattoni 2012), spatial and cued-response learning (Packard et al 1994), and novel object recognition (Roozendaal et al 2008;Bass et al 2012). However, evidence also indicates that different types or kinds of learning involve separate and distinct brain regions, as, for example, the hippocampus and caudate are involved in the consolidation of spatial and cued water maze learning, respectively (Packard et al 1994).…”
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates memory consolidation for a variety of types of learning, whereas other brain regions play more selective roles in specific kinds of learning suggesting a role for differential consolidation via distinct BLA pathways. The ventral hippocampus (VH), an efferent target of the BLA, has been suggested to selectively process emotionrelated learning, yet whether the BLA VH pathway modulates memory consolidation, and does so in a learning-specific manner, is unknown. To address this issue, the BLA of male Sprague-Dawley rats was bilaterally transduced to express either ChR2(E123A) or eArchT3.0. Fiber optic probes were implanted in the VH to provide illumination of BLA axons. Rats then underwent a modified contextual fear conditioning task permitting separation of context and footshock learning. On day 1, rats received 3 min of pre-exposure to the apparatus. On day 2, rats were placed into the apparatus, received an immediate footshock, and quickly removed. Retention was tested on day 4. Optical stimulation of the BLA VH pathway following footshock, but not context, training using trains of 40-Hz light pulses enhanced retention. Continuous optical inhibition of this pathway for 15 min starting 25 min after footshock training impaired retention. These findings indicate that BLA VH projections influence the consolidation for footshock, but not context, learning of a modified CFC task and provide direct evidence that BLA projections to other brain regions modulate memory consolidation selectively depending on the kind of learning involved.Learning and memory involves complex interactions among multiple brain regions that play discrete roles in the consolidation of specific kinds of memories. However, work strongly indicates that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates the consolidation of a wide array of memories. It has been hypothesized that the BLA plays this more general role, at least in part, through interactions with distinct regions (McGaugh 2002(McGaugh , 2004McIntyre et al. 2012). BLA connections with forebrain regions such as the hippocampus and striatum that are selectively involved in the consolidation of certain kinds of memories (McDonald 1991;Pitkänen et al. 2000;McGaugh 2002;Malin and McGaugh 2006;Paz et al. 2006;Chavez et al. 2013) suggest that efferent pathways from the BLA may be selectively involved in modulating consolidation for specific kinds of information.Indeed, much evidence suggests that the BLA interacts with the hippocampus during memory consolidation (Packard et al. 1994;Roozendaal et al. 1999;Malin and McGaugh 2006) and that the BLA directly or indirectly influences activity and plasticity in different parts of the hippocampal formation (Ikegaya et al. 1995;Frey et al. 2001;McIntyre et al. 2005;McReynolds et al. 2014;Lovitz and Thompson 2015). These findings suggest pathway mechanisms by which the BLA influences the consolidation of memories regulated by the hippocampal formation. However, the hippocampus comprises different subregions, including dors...
“…Indeed, all discrimination measures of the 3 rd familiarization session were higher compared to any of other individual sessions except the 4 th . Many studies have shown that stress can have varying effects on memory functioning [50][51][52][53][54][55]. Memory can be facilitated when stress is experienced in the same context and around the time of learning [56].…”
“…Along these lines, while hippocampal lesions have been shown to significantly impair object recognition (Broadbent et al 2010), cortical regions such as the perirhinal and medial prefrontal cortex are also implicated in object recognition (Barker and Warburton 2011), as is the basolateral amygdala (Roozendaal et al 2008). Hence, the involvement of MSK1 in these brain regions cannot be excluded as a contributing factor to the observed object recognition memory deficits.…”
Environmental enrichment (EE) has marked beneficial effects on cognitive capacity. Given the possibility that this form of neuronal plasticity could function via the actuation of the same cellular signaling pathways that underlie learning/memory formation, we examined whether the MAPK cascade effector, mitogen/stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1), could play a role in this process. MSK1 functions as a key signaling intermediate that couples changes in neuronal activity into inducible gene expression, neuronal plasticity, and learning/memory. Here, we show that MSK1 is expressed in excitatory cell layers of the hippocampus, progenitor cells of the subgranular zone (SGZ), and adult-born immature neurons. MSK1 2/2 mice exhibit reduced spinogenesis and decreased dendritic branching complexity in hippocampal neurons, compared with WT mice. Further, in MSK1 2/2 mice, progenitor cell proliferation within the SGZ was significantly reduced and, correspondingly, the number of immature neurons within the dentate gyrus was significantly reduced. Consistent with prior work, MSK1 2/2 mice displayed deficits in both spatial and recognition memory tasks. Strikingly, cognitive enhancement resulting from a 40-d period of EE was markedly reduced in MSK1 2/2 animals. MSK1 2/2 mice exhibited reduced levels of EE-induced spinogenesis and SGZ progenitor proliferation. Taken together, these data reveal that MSK1 serves as a critical regulator of hippocampal physiology and function and that MSK1 serves as a key conduit by which enriching stimuli augment cellular plasticity and cognition.
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