Nonvisual judgment of the crossability of path gaps.

Burton, Gregory

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.698

Cited by 55 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The affordance climbability is then identified as this ratio. Subsequent experiments identified affordances similarly, as ratios between body scale and some bit of the en-vironment measurable in the same units (e.g., see work on gap crossing by Burton, 1992Burton, , 1994Cornus, Montagne, & Laurent, 1999;Jiang & Mark, 1994;Mark 1987;Mark, Jiang, King, & Paasche, 1999). Many experimentalists, I suspect, have not given much thought to this fact, simply assuming that what they are measuring are affordances.…”

Section: The Organismal Relatamentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outline of a Theory of Affordances

Chemero¹

2003

Ecological Psychology

1,011

590

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A theory of affordances is outlined according to which affordances are relations between the abilities of animals and features of the environment. As relations, affordances are both real and perceivable but are not properties of either the environment or the animal. I argue that this theory has advantages over extant theories of affordances and briefly discuss the relations among affordances and niches, perceivers, and events.The primary difference between direct and inferential theories of perception concerns the location of perceptual content, the meaning of our perceptions. In inferential theories of perception, these meanings arise inside animals, based on their interactions with the physical environment. Light, for example, bumps into receptors, causing a sensation. The animal (or its brain) performs inferences on the sensation, yielding a meaningful perception. In direct theories of perception, on the other hand, meaning is in the environment, and perception does not depend on meaning-conferring inferences; instead, the animal simply gathers information from a meaning-laden environment. However, if the environment contains meanings, then it cannot be merely physical. This places a heavy theoretical burden on direct theories of perception, a burden so severe that it may outweigh all the advantages to conceiving perception as direct. 1 This is because direct theories of perception require a new ontology, one that is at odds with today's physicalist, reductionist consensus that says the world just is the physical world, full stop. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 15(2), 181-195 Copyright © 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Requests for reprints should be sent to Anthony Chemero, Scientific and Philosophical Studies of Mind Program, Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003. E-mail: tony.chemero@fandm.edu 1 Among these advantages are that direct perception is more true to phenomenology, is more realistic from an evolutionary point of view, and short-circuits traditional skeptical worries.

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Section: The Organismal Relatamentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outline of a Theory of Affordances

Chemero¹

2003

Ecological Psychology

1,011

590

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“…Haptic probing involves the wielding of an object (the probe) in such a manner as to bring it into contact with environmental surfaces. Such research has been directed at the perception of aspects of environmental surfaces, such as distance (Carello, Fitzpatrick, & Turvey, 1992;Chan & Turvey, 1991), gap width (Barac-Cikoja & Turvey, 1991, 1993Garrett, Barac-Cikoja, Carello, & Turvey, 1996), and properties of relevance to walking and posture (Burton, 1992;Fitzpatrick, Carello, Schmidt, & Corey, 1994). This work has also been directed at uncovering the effect of probing on perceived properties ofthe probe itself.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myron L. Braunstein guided by a hand-held implement (e.g., Burton, 1992), however, the touch of greatest practical significance is dynamic touch. Haptic perceptions of holding must playa significant role in the control of actions involving handheld objects.…”

Section: Christopher C Pagano and Kerri G Donahue Clemson Universitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving the lengths of rods wielded in differentmedia

Pagano

Donahue

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

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In two experiments, we investigated the ability of participants to report the lengths of rods wielded in air or water, Homogeneous aluminum rods were employed in Experiment 1. The inertia of the rods was manipulated in Experiment 2 through the use of attached masses. Although the torques required in order to wield rods in water are substantially greater than those required to wield rods in air, the perceived lengths of rods wielded in the two media were very similar. Perceived length was found to be a function primarily of inertia in both media. The experiments also revealed a small influence of resistance due to the denser medium of water. The results demonstrate the ability of perceivers to extract a physical invariant from a complex array of forces. The discussion is focused on the role of invariants in dynamic touch.The present article is directed at the spatial abilities of dynamic touch. This is the kind of touching that takes place when an object such as a hockey stick, a hammer, a cup, or a pencil is grasped and carried, turned, swung, positioned, and so forth. It is the kind of touch that is dominant in everyday manipulatory activity: The hand and fingers are in contact with only a part of the manipulated object, and the object, both in stasis and in motion, affects the tensile states of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the hand and arm. The latter tissue deformations (induced by the forces and torques engendered by holding and manipulating) characterize dynamic touch, more so than deformations of the skin and changes in joint angles (Gibson, 1966). Traditionally, cutaneous touch (e.g., an object resting on the skin) and haptic touch (e.g., the hands enveloping an object and sweeping thoroughly and freely over its surfaces) have been the types of touch, or kinds of haptic subsystems (Gibson, 1966), that have received the most attention. In the service of manipulatory activity, and in the service of locomotionThe authors thank James Liburdy of the Clemson University Mechanical Engineering Department for his assistance with fluid dynamics, Ben Stephens and Eugene Galluscio for their assistance during the early stages of this project, and Geoffrey Bingham and Gregory Burton for comments made on an earlier version of the manuscript. Preliminary versions of these results were presented at

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“…These abilities are continuous with the ways animals perceive through nonenervated appendages (hair, nails, claws, quills, horns, whiskers, antennae, etc.). Empirical research shows that affordances can be perceived by means of extended haptic perception (Burton, 1992;Fitzpatrick et al, 1994;Wagman & Taylor, 2005a). For example, merely by exploring a surface with a hand-held object, a novice subject can determine whether a gap in that surface can be stepped across (Burton, 1992).…”

Section: Against Smallism and Localismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Against Smallism And Localism

Oliveira

Chemero

2015

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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Abstract. The question whether cognition ever extends beyond the head is widely considered to be an empirical issue. And yet, all the evidence amassed in recent years has not sufficed to settle the debate. In this paper we suggest that this is because the debate is not really an empirical one, but rather a matter of definition. Traditional cognitive science can be identified as wedded to the ideals of "smallism" and "localism". We criticize these ideals and articulate a case in favor of extended cognition by highlighting the historical pedigree and conceptual adequacy of related empirical and theoretical work.

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Nonvisual judgment of the crossability of path gaps.

Cited by 55 publications

References 32 publications

An Outline of a Theory of Affordances

An Outline of a Theory of Affordances

Perceiving the lengths of rods wielded in differentmedia

Against Smallism And Localism

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