Intuition is essential to optimal social and interpersonal functioning. Individuals have to both produce and enact behavior as well as process and perceive the behavior of others. These complex processes occur smoothly, for the most part, because they are intuitive. They are rapid, nonconscious, and automatic.In this article, I focus on one particular type of social judgment: inference about others from brief glimpses or "thin slices" of behavior. Thin slices of expressive behavior are random samples of the behavioral stream, less than 5 min in length, that provide information regarding personality, affect, and interpersonal relations. Converging evidence from different areas of research indicates that thin slice judgments can sometimes be surprisingly accurate when accuracy is defined as convergence with independent real-world criteria. A meta-analysis conducted approximately two decades ago on the accuracy of predictions of various social and clinical outcomes based on thin slices of behavior revealed unexpectedly high rates of judgmental accuracy (Ambady, Bernieri, & Richeson, 2000;Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992). This meta-analysis included 39 studies. Since then more than 100 different studies have shown that a important information regarding social and interpersonal functioning can be picked up from thin slices of behavior, regardless of the channel of communication (visual, audio, verbal, or some combination of these). For instance, judgments based on carefully controlled and quite limited information, such as 20-s silent video slices of behavior, have been found to accurately predict outcome variables such as racial bias and certain personality disorders (Ambady & Weisbuch, 2010;Richeson & Shelton, 2005).Work on nonverbal communication, evolutionary psychology, and social cognition all suggest that judgments based on thin slices of behavior are hardwired and occur relatively automatically (DePaulo & Friedman, 1998;Patterson, 1995Patterson, , 1998Patterson, , 1999Tesser & Martin, 1996). But direct empirical evidence for the intuitiveness of thin slice judgments has been lacking. My goals here are to review the theoretical evidence and to present empirical evidence regarding the intuitiveness of thin slice judgments.
Are Thin Slice Judgments Intuitive?Thin slice judgments are thought to be based on tacit, implicit knowledge that makes verbal explanations and reasoning unnecessary (Polanyi, 1966). Such judgments are ubiquitous and are communicated through nonverbal behavior that has been characterized as "an elaborate and secret code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all" (Sapir, 1949, p. 556). The literature on nonverbal behavior suggests that evaluative judgments based solely on nonverbal cues are biologically based and occur automatically, outside awareness, without drawing on conscious, cognitive processing resources (Ambady & Weisbuch, 2010).Social psychological processes that are considered to be intuitive and automatic generally possess an important characteristic: They are efficie...