Nonuniformity Analysis of a 65-kpixel CMOS SPAD Imager

Antolović, Ivan Michel; Burri, Samuel; Bruschini, Claudio; Hoebe, Ron A.; Charbon, Edoardo

doi:10.1109/ted.2015.2458295

Cited by 48 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…photosensitive) pixel area ( Figure 1(c)). Examples of SPAD-related microlens developments and sensors are presented in [19,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The microlenses are typically optimized for specific applications and properties (for example collimation) of the impinging light.…”

Section: Columnparallel Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antolovic et al [116] demonstrated the first localization-based super-resolution (SRM) images obtained with SPAD arrays, compared in Figure 5(a) to EMCCD ( Figure 5(b)) and widefield ( Figure 5(c)), by employing the SwissSPAD imager [11]. Microlenses were deposited on the SPAD array to improve the fill factor from the native 5% to 60% [41], which was a key enabler for sensitivity-critical applications. The image resolution was analyzed with the Fourier ring correlation method [117], yielding around 100 nm resolution.…”

Section: Localization-based Super-resolution Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

et al. 2019

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Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively “smarter” sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.

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Section: Columnparallel Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Localization-based Super-resolution Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

et al. 2019

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“…In a similar way, there will be a Photon Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU) in the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of individual pixels that is the ratio between the average rate of photon detections and the rate of incident photons. Antolovic et al 13. discusses compensating for DCR, PRNU, and linearizing the response of SPAD QIS.…”

Section: Smlm With a Binary Spad Cameramentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart-aggregation imaging for single molecule localisation with SPAD cameras

Gyöngy

Davies

Dutton

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Single molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM) has become an essential part of the super-resolution toolbox for probing cellular structure and function. The rapid evolution of these techniques has outstripped detector development and faster, more sensitive cameras are required to further improve localisation certainty. Single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) array cameras offer single-photon sensitivity, very high frame rates and zero readout noise, making them a potentially ideal detector for ultra-fast imaging and SMLM experiments. However, performance traditionally falls behind that of emCCD and sCMOS devices due to lower photon detection efficiency. Here we demonstrate, both experimentally and through simulations, that the sensitivity of a binary SPAD camera in SMLM experiments can be improved significantly by aggregating only frames containing signal, and that this leads to smaller datasets and competitive performance with that of existing detectors. The simulations also indicate that with predicted future advances in SPAD camera technology, SPAD devices will outperform existing scientific cameras when capturing fast temporal dynamics.

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“…Table 1 summarizes the performance of SS2 and compares it with other state-of-the-art, large-format scientific cameras. SPAD cameras have ideally zero readout noise as a result of their digital nature; therefore (22). Mean photon count without microlenses: 41.4.…”

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confidence: 99%

Wide-field time-gated SPAD imager for phasor-based FLIM applications

Ulku

Ardelean

Antolovic

et al. 2019

Preprint

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We describe the performance of a new wide area time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array for phasor-FLIM, exploring the effect of gate length, gate number and signal intensity on the measured lifetime accuracy and precision. We conclude that the detector functions essentially as an ideal shot noise limited sensor and is capable of video rate FLIM measurement. The phasor approach used in this work appears ideally suited to handle the large amount of data generated by this type of very large sensor (512×512 pixels), even in the case of small number of gates and limited photon budget. , 1 2 2 1 12 tan 2 cal i cal theo cal cal cal cal cal

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Nonuniformity Analysis of a 65-kpixel CMOS SPAD Imager

Cited by 48 publications

References 27 publications

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

Smart-aggregation imaging for single molecule localisation with SPAD cameras

Wide-field time-gated SPAD imager for phasor-based FLIM applications

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