“…Occlusion of the vena cava caudalis (partial or complete) is either by tumor thrombosis within the lumen or by large tumor sizeboth may cause ascites, hind limb edema, and distention of the caudal epigastric veins. Dogs with tumor rupture are presented with acute onset of lethargy, tachypnea, weakness or collapse, tachycardia, pale mucus membranes, prolonged capillary refill time, and painful abdomen (Whittemore et al, 2001;Williams and Hackner, 2001). Aortic thromboembolism with painful and weak hind limbs, paraparesis, absence of femoral pulse, and cold distal extremities may occur in rare cases (Gilson et al, 1994;Santamarina et al, 2003).…”