Adrenal Glands

Nyland, Thomas G.; Neelis, Dana A.; Mattoon, John S.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4867-1.00015-5

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…It is portable and nowadays affordable for bovine practitioners, although its application requires expert knowledge. Abdominal ultrasound has proved to be useful for detecting adrenal pathology in small animals [4,19] and is considered a primary tool for investigating adrenal pathology. However, no descriptions of adrenal ultrasonography in bovine medicine have yet been published in the scientific literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we selected a homogeneous group of cows to establish preliminary reference ranges. The thickness of the caudal lobe is the main measurement used to verify adrenal enlargement in dogs [4,19,30]. We observed that the thickness of the adrenal glands was less variable than the length, and therefore length may also be a less significant measurement in cows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarities between cortical adrenal carcinomas in humans and cows have led to bovine carcinomas being proposed as a natural model for human research [17]. Chronic stress, in the form of chronic disease or discomfort, and other endocrinopathies can affect adrenal size in cows and small animals [4,5,[10][11][12]19,20]. Such changes in size could be detected by abdominal ultrasound in adult cows, contributing to improving the diagnosis of alterations in a non-invasive and affordable manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhabdomyosarcoma, pulmonary carcinoma, fibrosarcoma and mastocytoma metastases have also been described [15,17]. These lesions are typically observed in routine abdominal ultrasound examinations of small animals [4,19], and they are potentially observed in abdominal examinations in cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An abdominal ultrasound was performed, but no reference to adrenal glands was included. As reported in dogs and cats, the size of adrenal glands can increase or decrease in cases of hypo-or hyperadrenocorticism, as well as in other endocrinopathies [4,19]; this may also be the case in cattle, but no data have been published until now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Barreiro-Vázquez

Barreiro-Lois

Miranda

2020

Animals

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Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm; and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Barreiro-Vázquez

Barreiro-Lois

Miranda

2020

Animals

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Das Cushing-Syndrom des Hundes – eine retrospektive Auswertung zu Signalement und klinisch-labordiagnostischer Präsentation

Mayr

Hartmann

Wehner

2020

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere

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Safety of percutaneous ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: Perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases

Pey

Diana

Rossi

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Percutaneous ultrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of adrenal gland lesions is controversial in veterinary medicine. Objective To evaluate the frequency and radiologists' perception of the risk of the procedure as well as determining the incidence of complications. Methods Retrospective study. A first survey was submitted by e‐mail to all board‐certified radiologists of the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR) and European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging (ECVDI). A second survey was sent to radiologists who declared having performed the procedure at least once in their career (observational cross‐sectional case study). Results The first survey was sent to 977 diplomates and answered by 138. Of 138 diplomates, 40 currently performed the procedure and 98 did not; 44 of the 98 gave the hypertensive crisis risk in pheochromocytoma as a reason. To the second survey, 12 of 65 responded positively; 50 dogs with 58 lesions were recruited, including 23 pheochromocytomas. Complications were reported in 4 of 50 dogs; 3 hemorrhages (1 mild and 1 moderate) and 1 death from acute respiratory distress syndrome (possibly related to laryngeal paralysis). No hypertensive crisis was reported. There was no relationship between the method of FNA/type of needle used and occurrence of complications. Based on the recollection of these 65 radiologists, who performed approximately 200 FNA of adrenal lesions, a death rate of approximately 1% was estimated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Percutaneous US‐guided FNA of adrenal lesions can be considered a minimally risky procedure, despite the negative perception by radiologists.

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Adrenal Glands

Cited by 7 publications

References 85 publications

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Das Cushing-Syndrom des Hundes – eine retrospektive Auswertung zu Signalement und klinisch-labordiagnostischer Präsentation

Safety of percutaneous ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: Perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases

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