Nontoxicity of polar abamectin degradates from citrus fruit and thin film photolysis

Crouch, Louis S.; Gordon, Lea R.; Feely, William F.; Maynard, Michael S.; Wise, L. David; Wislocki, Peter G.

doi:10.1021/jf00013a017

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Such effect obtained under our experimental conditions can be explained that the amount of abamectin applied to each beaker had been degradated into other compounds which did not cause any significant clastogenic metaphases. Our results, are in accord to other results obtained by Crouch et al (1992 chromosomal aberrations which significantly decreased by the days following treatment until reached the least after 8 days of treatment. Also , abamectin was found to induce physiological type of aberrations.…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Of Abamectin Degradatessupporting

confidence: 93%

Chromosomal Aberrations and Spermhead Abnormalities Induced by Abamectin (Avermectin B1) and its Degradates in Male Swiss Albino Mice.

Salama¹,

Fahmi²,

El-Ghar³

1995

CYTOLOGIA

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Avermectins are a complex of chemically related naturally occurring macrocyclic lactones which first isolated as a natural fermentation product of a soil actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis, in 1976 (Burg et al. 1979). The naturally occurring avermectins can be separated into four homologous pairs, of which one, abamectin (avermectin B1), which consists of 80% of avermectin B1a and 20% of avermectin B1b has been developed for use against arthropod pests of horticulture and agronomic crops (Dybas and Green 1984). Currently, it is rapidly worldwide growing in usage for many agronomic crops. They are potent chemotherapeutic agents against animal parasitic nematodes and many veterinary and agricultural arthropod pests (Putter et al. 1981, Campbell et al. 1983, Lasota and Dybas 1991). Abamectin increases calcium permeability to chloride ions, which is independent of the neurotransmitter, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride ion channels (Calcott and Fatig 1984). The compounds' mechanism of toxicity in mammals is unknown but GABA is a mammalian central nervous system neurotransmitter and effects on GABA may be relevant to their safety in mammals (Lankas and Gordon 1989). Carcinogenicity studies with abamectin at maximum tolerated dosage levels for 22 and 24 months duration in mice and rats, respectively, have demonstrated the lack of carcinogenicity of this compound (Lanks and Gordon 1989). Also they showed the lack of genotoxic activity of abamectin in a variety of assays. Abamectin degradates were tested and found to have no adverse maternal and developmental effects in CF 1 mouse, the laboratory species/strain most sensitive to abamectin toxicity. In addition, the degradates from photolysis of thin films were negative in the microbial mutogenesis assay (Crouch et al. 1992). The specific objectives of the present study were; (1) to estimate the percentage of mitotic abnormalities in male mice bone marrow cells induced by abamectin and its degradates, (2) to measure the amount of spermhead abnormalities in male mice caused by abamectin. Materials and methods Chemical Commercially available sample of abamectin, as 'Avermectin B1', 1.8% wt/vol emulsifiable concentrate, produced by Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Three Bridge, N. J., USA., was used in the bioassays. The chemical structure is a mixture of homologous products with a minimum of 80% B1a and a maximum of 20% B1b components. The B1b component differs chemically from the B1a component by only 1 methylene (CH2) unit at the 26-carbon position; the ethyl group (C2H5) is a methyl group in the B1b form. The compound's dilutions were made in distilled water.

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Section: Cytotoxicity Of Abamectin Degradatessupporting

confidence: 93%

Chromosomal Aberrations and Spermhead Abnormalities Induced by Abamectin (Avermectin B1) and its Degradates in Male Swiss Albino Mice.

Salama¹,

Fahmi²,

El-Ghar³

1995

CYTOLOGIA

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“…The various combinations possible with the known primary degradation reactions and the postulated C-O and C=C cleavages, therefore, could result in a very large number of compounds, such as oxygenated fragments of the macrocycle or ring-opened and oxygenated degradates of the macrocycle. Although little information is available regarding the end products of MAB1A photodegradation on glass, the very similar compound avermectin Bia does photodegrade on glass to a complex, polar residue (Crouch et al, 1991) that is comparable to that found in avermectin Bia-treated oranges (Crouch et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of [14C]Emamectin Benzoate in Head Lettuce

Crouch¹,

Feely²

1995

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…photodegradation are the delta 8,9-isomer of avermectin B 1a and a polar and a moderately polar fraction, of which only the 8,9-isomer was found to be toxic 1,2 . Abamectin is the active ingredient found in formulations registered worldwide for control of motile mites and insect larvae on both agricultural and crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-assisted Emulsification Microextraction Method Based on Applying Low Density Organic Solvents as a Sensitive and Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Abamectin in Fruit Juice Samples

Mashayekhi¹,

Rezaee²,

Montazeri³

2012

Orientjchem.

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The analytical use of ultrasound-generated emulsations has recently found a growing interest to improve efficiency in liquid-liquid microextraction since they increase the mass transfer between the two immiscible phases implied and leads to emulsification. Thus, dispersed droplets can act as efficient liquid-liquid microextraction in continuous phase, and later they can be readily separated by centrifugation. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) based on applying a low density organic solvent and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detection was presented for extraction and determination of abamectin in fruit juice samples. Toluene as extraction solvent at microliter volume level was injected slowly into a home-designed centrifuge glass vial that was located inside the ultrasonic water bath. The main advantages of method are high preconcentration factor, high recovery, good repeatability and extraction solvent volume at µL level. The influence of several variables (e.g. type and volume of extraction solvent, ionic strength and extraction temperature, etc.) on the performance of the sample preparation step was carefully evaluated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors 261 and 217 were obtained for avermectin (B 1b ) and avermectin (B 1a ), respectively, and calibration graphs were linear in the range of 5.0-500 µg L -1 and 2.0-500 µg L -1 with detection limits of 1.5 µg L -1 and 0.6 µg L -1 for B 1b and B 1a , respectively, in fruit juice samples. The relative recoveries of abamectin in fruit juice samples at spiking level of 5.0 µg L -1 are in the range of 90% to 94%. USAEME combined with HPLC-UV is a fast, simple and efficient method for the determination of abamectin in fruit juice samples.

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Nontoxicity of polar abamectin degradates from citrus fruit and thin film photolysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Chromosomal Aberrations and Spermhead Abnormalities Induced by Abamectin (Avermectin B1) and its Degradates in Male Swiss Albino Mice.

Chromosomal Aberrations and Spermhead Abnormalities Induced by Abamectin (Avermectin B1) and its Degradates in Male Swiss Albino Mice.

Fate of [14C]Emamectin Benzoate in Head Lettuce

Ultrasound-assisted Emulsification Microextraction Method Based on Applying Low Density Organic Solvents as a Sensitive and Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Abamectin in Fruit Juice Samples

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