Nonpharmaceutical interventions for managing SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Purpose of reviewInitial response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic were heavily reliant on nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), a set of measures implemented to slow or even stop the spread of infection. Here, we reviewed key measures used during the COVID-19 pandemic.Recent findingsSome NPIs were successful in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective measures such as face masks were widely used, and likely had some effect on transmission. The development and production of rapid antigen tests allowed self-diagnosis in the community, informing isolation and quarantine measures. Community-wide measures such as school closures, workplace closures and complete stay-at-home orders were able to reduce contacts and prevent transmission. They were widely used in the pandemic and contributed to reduce transmission in the community; however, there were also negative unintended consequences in the society and economy.SummaryNPIs slowed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and are essential for pandemic preparedness and response. Understanding which measures are more effective at reducing transmission with lower costs is imperative.

Efectividad de la cuarentena durante la primera y segunda ola de COVID-19: un estudio de corte transversal y temporal

“…En cualquier caso, la literatura afirma que la vulnerabilidad socio-espacial preexistente, la organización de los espacios residenciales, las características poblacionales y las desigualdades sociales, afectaron las restricciones de la movilidad y tuvieron un efecto sobre la cantidad de fallecidos por COVID-19 (30) . Además de estos factores que limitaron los objetivos de contención, el resultado positivo de la medida dependió también, en gran parte, de condiciones como el diseño del programa, la duración, la fuerza institucional y otros (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) . Lo cierto es que una medida de restricción es útil, en tanto se entiendan los factores espaciales preexistentes, los límites para la aplicación del programa y la capacidad de la población para cumplir con la demanda.…”

“…La primera confirma la efectividad de las órdenes de confinamiento en casa en combinación con otras medidas (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) . Empero, este resultado positivo sería dependiente de una serie de condiciones o factores: el momento de implementación, el diseño, la duración, la fuerza institucional para implementarla, que han sido estudiados a partir del análisis comparado de casos (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) . Un segundo tipo de investigaciones se muestran más escépticas en cuanto a la efectividad del confinamiento en casa, poniendo en la balanza las múltiples barreras que enfrenta la población, particularmente los sectores marginados social y económicamente, para adherirse a las restricciones de movilidad, sobre todo si éstas se prolongan en el tiempo (21)(22)(23)(24) .…”

COVID-19 Prevention Behaviours and Vaccine Acceptability, and Their Association with a Behaviour Change Campaign in Somalia: Analysis of a Longitudinal Cohort

“…Intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was found to be higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) compared to the USA or Russia but there was considerable variation between countries, and within countries according to sex, while age and educational achievement were also important [ 9 , 10 ]. Further evidence on the prevalence and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and adherence to preventative behaviours has continued to accumulate during the course of the pandemic [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”