“…whether the relationship between these variables is significant, and how can the results of such researches provide management solutions to investors and policymakers? (see Bernanke, 1995;Mishkin, 2001;Ioannidis and Kontonikas, 2007;Bjornland and Leitemo, 2009;Chao et al, 2011;Chatziantoniou et al, 2013;Laopodis, 2013;Ricci, 2015;Suhaibua et al, 2017;WooPark et al, 2019;Olli-Matti, 2020), while it has been necessary for researchers, in many recent studies, to pay more attention to the nonlinearity of these relationships (see Challe and Giannitsarou, 2014;Zare and Azali, 2015;Kurov and Stan, 2018;Yola, 2019;Cloyne et al, 2020;Thanh et al, 2020;Tiryaki et al, 2020;Dahmene et al, 2021).…”