Nonlinearities in p-i-n microwave photodetectors

Williams, K.J.; Esman, R.D.; Dagenais, M.

doi:10.1109/50.476141

Cited by 216 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1, the equation for the voltage across the current source (from which we obtain the voltage across the load) is (2) where and are the junction capacitance and resistance at a given , and is the equivalent impedance of , , and given by (3) can be expressed in a harmonic series of , where , , and so on can be obtained from…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, nonlinear distortions of the p-i-n photodiode have been attributed mainly to the nonlinear transport induced by the space charge [1]- [3]. One-dimensional (1-D) numerical models that solve the Poisson equation and the carrier continuity equations under various operating conditions were developed to describe the nonlinear transport inside the device [2], [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortions in photodiode

Jiang

1998

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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Abstract-We report a simple method to obtain a p-i-n photodiode's harmonic distortion levels at different frequencies from the microwave reflection coefficient S 11 of the photodiode under dc illumination. This approach is based upon the tracking of the photodiode's microwave impedance with S11 at different incident optical powers before severe saturation occurs at low bias or at high optical power. The second-harmonic distortions measured from a waveguide photodiode agree closely with those predicted from the S11 data.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortions in photodiode

Jiang

1998

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…A two-laser heterodyne system [20] has been used to characterize PD nonlinearities [3], [20], [21] as well as the large-signal saturation behavior [22], and pulsed systems [17], [18], [23] are helpful in studying the transient behavior. Small-signal measurement systems have also been used to measure certain characteristics [6], [7], [11], [14], [22]- [24] of high-current PD's.…”

Section: General Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design considerations for high-current photodetectors

Williams

Esman

1999

J. Lightwave Technol.

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179

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Abstract-This paper outlines the design considerations for gigahertz-bandwidth, high-current p-i-n photodiodes utilizing InGaAs absorbers. The factors being investigated are photodetector intrinsic region length, intrinsic region doping density, temperature effects, illumination spot size, illumination wavelength, frequency, and illumination direction. Space-charge calculations are used to determine optimal device geometry and conditions which maximize saturation photocurrent. A thermal model is developed to study the effects of temperature on high-current photodetector performance. The thermal and space-charge model results are combined to emphasize the importance of thin intrinsic region lengths to obtain high current. Finally, a comparison between surface-illuminated p-i-n structures and waveguide structures is made to differentiate between the problems associated with achieving high current in each structure and to outline techniques to achieve maximum performance.

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“…Such systems can achieve sub-femtosecond short-term stability of the generated multi-GHz signals [2]. However, nonlinear effects by the photodetection degrade long-term phase stability of the extracted microwave signals by making it sensitive to optical power fluctuations and environmental drifts [3]. This fact forces to study the electro-optical features of each particular photodetector used in an experiment to find its optimal operation conditions and minimize the influence of non-linear effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrahigh precision synchronization of optical and microwave frequency sources

Kalaydzhyan

Peng

Kärtner

2016

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract.In this paper we demonstrate that balanced optical-microwave phase detectors (BOMPD) are able to provide a robust long-term optical-RF synchronization with subfemtosecond residual timing drift over 24 hours in laboratory conditions without active temperature control of optical and electronic paths. Moreover, 10.833 GHz Sapphire-loaded cavity oscillator (SLCO) was successfully disciplined by 216.66 MHz laser oscillator using the BOMPD which resulted in a sub-femtosecond RMS jitter integrated from 1 Hz to 1 MHz.

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Nonlinearities in p-i-n microwave photodetectors

Cited by 216 publications

References 34 publications

Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortions in photodiode

Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortions in photodiode

Design considerations for high-current photodetectors

Ultrahigh precision synchronization of optical and microwave frequency sources

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