Nonlinear properties of vibrator-generated wavefields and their application to hydrocarbon detection

Zhukov, Alexander; Loginov, K. I.; Shneerson, M. B.; Shulakova, Valeriya; Kharisov, R. G.; Ekimenko, V.A.

doi:10.1190/1.2805768

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Dangel et al, 2003;Schechinger et al, 2009;van Mastrigt and AlDulaijan, 2008;Zhukov et al, 2007). These studies have reported an apparent correlation between spectral patterns in low-frequency (b10 Hz) passive ground-motion recordings at the Earth's surface and the horizontal location of reservoirs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Spectral analysis of ambient ground-motion—Noise reduction techniques and a methodology for mapping horizontal inhomogeneity

Lambert

Nguyen

Saenger

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Geophysics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Spectral analysis of ambient ground-motion—Noise reduction techniques and a methodology for mapping horizontal inhomogeneity

Lambert

Nguyen

Saenger

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Geophysics

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“…We cannot think of an accepted exploration method about which this could be said. However, not mentioned in Green and Greenhalgh's (2009) comment are a number of other studies (not co‐authored by us) reporting correlation between the presence of reservoirs and observed low‐frequency seismic signals (e.g., Kouznetsov et al 2005; Turuntaev, Burchik and Turuntaev 2006; Birialtsev et al 2006; Zhukov et al 2007). Moreover, van Mastrigt and Al‐Dulaijan (2008) showed correlations between anomalies in passive seismic data and a proven non‐producing subsurface reservoir in a remote and unusually quiet location.…”

Section: Response To Specific Commentsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Several independent studies (e.g., Dangel et al 2003; Zhukov et al 2007; van Mastrigt and Al‐Dulaijan 2008) have reported an apparent correlation between characteristic patterns, or anomalies, in the spectra of low‐frequency passive seismic ground motion recordings and the location of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Our research addresses the question how and to what extent the analysis of passive ground motion can increase the probability of detecting hydrocarbon reservoirs or, more generally, can provide useful information about the subsurface.…”

Section: Context For the Study And Aims Of Our Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reply to comment on ‘Low‐frequency microtremor anomalies at an oil and gas field in Voitsdorf, Austria’ by Marc‐André Lambert, Stefan M. Schmalholz, Erik H. Saenger and Brian Steiner, Geophysical Prospecting 57, 393–411

Lambert

Schmalholz

Saenger

et al. 2010

Geophysical Prospecting

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We welcome the opportunity to respond to Professors Green and Greenhalgh's analysis of our work in this journal. In addressing their observations we hope to contribute towards a better understanding of our work in general.Green and Greenhalgh (2009) commented not only on Lambert et al. (2009) but also on peer-reviewed papers, conference proceedings and magazine articles authored by at least one of us, thereby combining formative early work with more advanced results in their critique. Additionally, they commented on publications that none of us has co-authored (e.g., Dangel et al. 2003;Walker 2008), addressing questions to a scientific community beyond our research group. This reply necessarily focuses only on the work that at least one of us has co-authored.Green and Greenhalgh (2009) asserted that our conclusion that "the results indicate that passive low-frequency spectral analysis can increase the probability of locating reservoirs significantly" is unfounded. We identify three main arguments in their commentary: i) that our attributes are not applicable to reservoir detection, ii) that the results of our numerical study do not fit the data and iii) that our attributes are in fact sensitive to shallow structures and we inadequately consider these potential shallow effects in our work. We first respond to these three main points and then to additional criticism, which is included as discussion within their commentary. Finally, we describe the objectives of our research to put it in the correct perspective and to address Green and Greenhalgh's (2009) as- * Green and Greenhalgh (2009) expressed the view that our Attributes 1 and 2 do not indicate the two reservoir locations. Based on our qualitative analysis of the correlation between these spectral attributes and reservoir locations, we agree with them. In Lambert et al. (2009) we explicitly stated: "Attributes 1 and 2 are not sensitive for the northern reservoir", "For Attribute 1, temporal variations are rather large and, therefore, the observed anomalies are less significant" and "Attribute 2 behaves very stable in time . . . the profiles do not show clear lateral anomalies". We clearly stated that the profiles of Attributes 1 and 2 are not useful for detecting the two reservoirs at this site. We do not see the supposed contradiction in Lambert et al. (2009) because we did not claim that all attributes must show anomalies above both reservoirs in order to increase the probability of detecting reservoirs. Attributes 3 and 4Attributes 3 and 4 are based on more stable frequency values rather than on amplitude values, which can vary substantially in experiments utilizing an uncontrolled source. Green and Greenhalgh (2009) wrote that "Lambert et al.'s (2009) simplistic physical exploration is both implausible and inconsistent with (our) observations". Our numerical study was in fact a feasibility (or plausibility) study intended to show that seismic signals emitted by a subsurface source in a homogeneous, C 2009 European

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“…When the nonlinearity is cubic, the nonlinear interaction will lead the following frequencies in the wavelet spectrum f i ± 2kf j . Several scholars have shown that additional frequencies (harmonics) are generated by propagation of seismic waves through a hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir (e.g., Johnson et al, 1996Johnson et al, , 2004Khan & Khan McGuire, 2005;Zhukov et al, 2007). Moreover, a negative attenuation is frequently reported in literature (e.g., Jannsen et al, 1985;Mateeva, 2002;Matsushima, 2006), and it is referred to as "nonphysical" effect, because it is challenging to explain it using a linear theory of poroelasticity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects

Rozhko

2020

JGR Solid Earth

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Frequency dispersion is a well‐known effect in geophysics, which means that waves of different wavelengths propagate at different velocities. Amplitude dispersion is a less‐known effect, which means that waves of different amplitudes propagate at different velocities. Herewith, we consider the alteration of the interfacial energy during wave‐induced two‐phase fluid flow in a partially saturated rock and demonstrate that this leads to a nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect. When the wave amplitude is small, seismic waves cause bending of the interface menisci between immiscible fluids at the pore scale. However, when the wave amplitude is sufficiently large, the interface menisci will slip at the pore scale, causing attenuation of the elastic energy by the contact line friction mechanism. At the zero frequency limit, all viscous dissipation models predict zero attenuation of the elastic wave energy, while this approach predicts a nonzero attenuation due to a static contact angle hysteresis effect. Herein, we extend the Gassmann's theory with three extra terms, which can be obtained from standard laboratory tests: pore‐size distribution and interfacial tension between immiscible fluids and rock wettability (advancing and receding contact angles). We derive closed‐form analytical expressions predicting the effective fluid modulus in partially saturated rock, which falls between Voigt and Reuss averages. Next, we demonstrate that the nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect leads to energy transfer between different frequencies. This may explain the low‐frequency microtremor anomalies, frequently observed above hydrocarbon reservoirs, when the low‐frequency energy of ocean waves (0.1–1 Hz) is converted to higher frequencies (2–6 Hz) by partially saturated reservoirs.

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Nonlinear properties of vibrator-generated wavefields and their application to hydrocarbon detection

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Spectral analysis of ambient ground-motion—Noise reduction techniques and a methodology for mapping horizontal inhomogeneity

Spectral analysis of ambient ground-motion—Noise reduction techniques and a methodology for mapping horizontal inhomogeneity

Reply to comment on ‘Low‐frequency microtremor anomalies at an oil and gas field in Voitsdorf, Austria’ by Marc‐André Lambert, Stefan M. Schmalholz, Erik H. Saenger and Brian Steiner, Geophysical Prospecting 57, 393–411

Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects

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