Nonlinear polymer-clad silicon slot waveguide modulator with a half wave voltage of 0.25V

Baehr‐Jones, Tom; Penkov, Boyan; Huang, Jingqing; Sullivan, Phil; Davies, Joshua A.; Takayesu, Jocelyn; Luo, Jingdong; Kim, Tae‐Dong; Dalton, Larry R.; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Hochberg, Michael; Scherer, Axel

doi:10.1063/1.2909656

Cited by 200 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The concentration of the EO active chromophores in these materials is typically limited to 25 wt.% to prevent detrimental head-to-tail orientation of the dipolar molecules and partial crystallization of the material. The efficien activation of the second-order nonlinearity in SOH devices remained an unsolved problem and reported in-device EO coefficient of these materials were a factor 2 to 5 below the corresponding values of bulk organic materials [11], [12], [16]- [20]. This phenomenon is usually explained by incomplete poling.…”

Section: Organic Electro-optic Materials and Polingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, the most commonly used cladding materials for SOH integration are polymers doped by EO chromophore molecules [11], [16]. While these guest-host materials have shown EO coefficient as high as 118 pm/V in bulk material [17], values measured in SOH devices were much smaller, ranging from 20 to 60 pm/V [11], [16], [12], [18]- [20]. This has significantl limited the performance of SOH electro-optic modulators up to now.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, resonant devices feature limited optical bandwidth and their resonance wavelength is particularly prone to temperature fluctuations Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) integration pursues a fundamentally different approach [8], [9]. Here, light is guided in a silicon waveguide core and nonlinear optical effects of second order are realized by exploiting evanescent interaction of the guided light mode with an organic electro-optic cladding material [10]- [12]. Specificall tailored organic materials with strong linear EO effect (Pockels effect) enable small voltagelength products and high modulation bandwidth simultaneously [10], [13]- [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Palmer

Koeber

Elder

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

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137

133

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Abstract-We report on the hybrid integration of silicon-oninsulator slot waveguides with organic electro-optic materials. We investigate and compare a polymer composite, a dendron-based material, and a binary-chromophore organic glass (BCOG). A record-high in-device electro-optic coefficient of 230 pm/V is found for the BCOG approach resulting in silicon-organic hybrid MachZehnder modulators that feature low U π L-products of down to 0.52 Vmm and support data rates of up to 40 Gbit/s.

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Section: Organic Electro-optic Materials and Polingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Palmer

Koeber

Elder

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

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137

133

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“…15 We attribute this to an incomplete poling induced polar orientation of the guest chromophores in the 150 nm wide slot. 7 This important topic is currently under investigation as this deviation indicates that the performance of the device can be significantly improved by increasing the poling efficiency in the slot. These further studies are directed toward understanding the physics of high field poling of macromolecular NLO materials in submicron silicon cavities and will be necessary to obtain an optimized poling process.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8] Concepts based on slotted photonic crystal ͑PhC͒ waveguides can exploit slow light mechanisms or high quality factor cavities to achieve very compact device dimensions and have been discussed recently. [9][10][11] We propose a concept using a double heterostructure cavity [11][12][13] in a slotted silicon PhC waveguide, infiltrated with NLO-polymer to operate as an EO-modulator.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electro-optic modulation in slotted resonant photonic crystal heterostructures

Wülbern¹,

Hampe²,

Petrov³

et al. 2009

Applied Physics Letters

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Two dimensional photonic crystal waveguides in high index materials enable integrated optical devices with an extremely small geometrical footprint on the scale of micrometers. Slotted waveguides are based on the guiding of light in low refractive index materials and a field enhancement in this particular region of the device. In this letter we experimentally demonstrate electro-optic modulation in slotted photonic crystal waveguides based on silicon-on-insulator substrates covered and infiltrated with nonlinear optical polymers. A photonic crystal heterostructure is used to create a cavity, while simultaneously serving as an electrical connection from the slot to the metal electrodes that carry the modulation signal. © 2009 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.3156033͔Electrically driven optical modulation in silicon photonics typically relies on interactions between the optical mode and a free carrier plasma via either carrier depletion, injection, or accumulation. 1-3 The achievable modulation speed using these methods is limited by the time constants related to the injection or removal of carriers from the optical waveguide. In contrast, modulation via nonlinear optical ͑NLO͒ polymers accesses the electronic polarization of the organic molecules, which allows extremely high modulation speeds extending up to frequencies in the terahertz range. 4 Furthermore, molecular engineering of organic molecules has led to extremely high Pockels-coefficients in polymers exceeding 300 pm/V, 5 which is ten times the value available in lithiumniobate, the standard inorganic material used in electro-optic ͑EO͒ applications. Photonic devices based on a hybrid material system merging silicon and polymer are therefore attractive since they combine the strong light confining abilities of silicon with the superior NLO properties of polymers.All-optical and EO-modulation in such hybrid silicon and NLO-polymer systems has been demonstrated for slotted photonic wire based Mach-Zehnder and ring-resonator modulators. 6-8 Concepts based on slotted photonic crystal ͑PhC͒ waveguides can exploit slow light mechanisms or high quality factor cavities to achieve very compact device dimensions and have been discussed recently. 9-11 We propose a concept using a double heterostructure cavity 11-13 in a slotted silicon PhC waveguide, infiltrated with NLO-polymer to operate as an EO-modulator. Figure 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the structure. The 150 nm wide slot in the center of the waveguide is filled with NLO-polymer ͑n poly = 1.63͒ and the strong overlap between the optical field and the polymer makes the effective index of the propagating mode very sensitive to any refractive index changes in EOpolymer. The PhC features a background doping density of 10 15 cm −1 and therefore serves as an electrical conductor from the metallic contact pads to the slot, while keeping the optical field away from the metal regions and hence preventing additional losses. The double heterostructure design of the PhC ͑a = 410 nm, r / a = 0....

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Nonlinear Optical Materials

Dalton

2014

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Nonlinear polymer-clad silicon slot waveguide modulator with a half wave voltage of 0.25V

Cited by 200 publications

References 14 publications

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Electro-optic modulation in slotted resonant photonic crystal heterostructures

Nonlinear Optical Materials

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