Nonlinear association between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Qu, Xinhua; Jin, Fangchun; Hao, Yongqiang; Zhu, Zhenan; Li, Huiwu; Tang, Tingting; Dai, Kerong

doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e32835c073c

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…However, it must be noted that 255 mg magnesium/d was found to be adequate for healthy human adults in a series of metabolic unit magnesium balance studies ( 99 ). Similar to these findings in studies on stroke and IHD, several studies evaluated the associations between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer and the results were also not entirely consistent ( 48 , 71 , 153 , 154 ). All of these studies examined associations of disease with magnesium intake only, without considering any interaction with vitamin D. The significant interactions between serum vitamin D and magnesium intakes in relation to mortality due to CVD and colorectal cancer might help to explain such inconsistencies.…”

Section: Vitamin Dsupporting

confidence: 67%

Essential Nutrient Interactions: Does Low or Suboptimal Magnesium Status Interact with Vitamin D and/or Calcium Status?

Rosanoff¹,

Dai

Shapses

2016

Advances in Nutrition

110

105

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Although much is known about magnesium, its interactions with calcium and vitamin D are less well studied. Magnesium intake is low in populations who consume modern processed-food diets. Low magnesium intake is associated with chronic diseases of global concern [e.g., cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and skeletal disorders], as is low vitamin D status. No simple, reliable biomarker for whole-body magnesium status is currently available, which makes clinical assessment and interpretation of human magnesium research difficult. Between 1977 and 2012, US calcium intakes increased at a rate 2–2.5 times that of magnesium intakes, resulting in a dietary calcium to magnesium intake ratio of >3.0. Calcium to magnesium ratios <1.7 and >2.8 can be detrimental, and optimal ratios may be ∼2.0. Background calcium to magnesium ratios can affect studies of either mineral alone. For example, US studies (background Ca:Mg >3.0) showed benefits of high dietary or supplemental magnesium for CVD, whereas similar Chinese studies (background Ca:Mg <1.7) showed increased risks of CVD. Oral vitamin D is widely recommended in US age-sex groups with low dietary magnesium. Magnesium is a cofactor for vitamin D biosynthesis, transport, and activation; and vitamin D and magnesium studies both showed associations with several of the same chronic diseases. Research on possible magnesium and vitamin D interactions in these human diseases is currently rare. Increasing calcium to magnesium intake ratios, coupled with calcium and vitamin D supplementation coincident with suboptimal magnesium intakes, may have unknown health implications. Interactions of low magnesium status with calcium and vitamin D, especially during supplementation, require further study.

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Section: Vitamin Dsupporting

confidence: 67%

Essential Nutrient Interactions: Does Low or Suboptimal Magnesium Status Interact with Vitamin D and/or Calcium Status?

Rosanoff¹,

Dai

Shapses

2016

Advances in Nutrition

110

105

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“…In dose-response analyses, every 50-mg/day increment in magnesium intake was associated with a 5 % reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR = 0.95, 95 % CI = 0.89-1.00, I 2 = 49 %). Similar results were obtained in the meta-analysis of Qu et al (2013b) of seven prospective cohort studies (333 510 participants and 7 435 cases), all of which were also considered by Chen et al (2012). Qu et al (2013b) observed a non-linear dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium and the risk of colorectal cancer (for every 100-mg/day increment in magnesium intake, RR = 0.82, 95 % CI = 0.64-1.00, I 2 = 63 %), with the greatest reduction of risk for an intake between 200 and 270 mg/day, but little evidence of a further reduction with higher intakes.…”

Section: Cancersupporting

confidence: 88%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for magnesium

Products¹

2015

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for magnesium. The Panel considers that Average Requirements (ARs) and Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) for magnesium cannot be derived for adults, infants or children, and therefore defines Adequate Intakes (AIs), based on observed intakes in healthy populations in the European Union (EU). This approach considers the range of average magnesium intakes estimated by EFSA from dietary surveys in children and adults in nine EU countries. For adults, an AI for magnesium is set at 350 mg/day for men and 300 mg/day for women. For children aged 1 to < 3 years, an AI for magnesium is set at 170 mg/day for both sexes. For children aged 3 to < 10 years, an AI for magnesium is set at 230 mg/day for both sexes. For children aged 10 to < 18 years, an AI for magnesium is set at 300 mg/day for boys and 250 mg/day for girls. For infants aged 7-11 months, an AI for magnesium of 80 mg/day is derived by extrapolating upwards from the estimated magnesium intake in exclusively breast-fed infants aged 0-6 months and by considering observed average intakes in the few surveys for which data are available. For pregnant and lactating women, the Panel considers that there is no evidence for an increased need for magnesium, and the same AI is set for them as for non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal. It occurs as the free cation Mg 2+ in aqueous solutions or as the mineral part of a large variety of compounds, including chlorides, carbonates and hydroxides. Magnesium is a cofactor of more than 300 enzymatic reactions, acting either on the enzyme itself as a structural or catalytic component or on the substrate, especially for reactions involving ATP, which make magnesium essential in the intermediary metabolism for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, as well as for specific actions in various organs in the neuromuscular or cardiovascular system. Magnesium deficiency can cause hypocalcaemia and hypokalaemia, leading to neurological or cardiac symptoms when it is associated with marked hypomagnesaemia. Owing to the widespread involvement of magnesium in numerous physiological functions and the metabolic interactions between magnesium and other minerals, it is difficult to relate magnesium deficiency to specific symptoms.Magnesium absorption takes place in the distal intestine, mainly as the ionised form. Percentage absorption is generally considered to be 40-50 %, but figures from 10 to 70 % have also been reported. Magnesium absorption can be inhibited by phytic acid and phosphate and enhanced by the fermentation of soluble dietary fibre, although the physiological relevance of these interactions at adequate intakes remains to be established.The majority of the body magnesium content is stored in bone (about 60 %) and muscle (about 25 %). A small amount is present in the serum, mainly as the free cation. Most cells ...

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“…In the USA, the prevalence of inadequate magnesium intake for adults is about 64% for men and 67% for women; for those older than 71 years of age, the rate rises to 81% for men and 82% for women (Moshfegh et al, 2005). Similar suboptimal intakes of magnesium have also been reported in other countries (Larsson et al, 2005;Castiglioni and Maier, 2011;Qu et al, 2013). Magnesium is essential in maintaining genomic stability and is a cofactor in most enzymatic systems involved in DNA synthesis and repair (Hartwig, 2001).…”

Section: Evidence From Human Studiessupporting

confidence: 67%

Health effects of desalinated water: Role of electrolyte disturbance in cancer development

Nriagu

Darroudi²,

Shomar

2016

Environmental Research

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Nonlinear association between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer

Abstract: Dietary magnesium intake has a statistically significant nonlinear inverse association with the risk of colorectal cancer. The greatest reduction for magnesium intake is 200-270 mg/day. Whether the association is causal or because of confounding warrants further investigation.

Cited by 26 publications

References 55 publications

Essential Nutrient Interactions: Does Low or Suboptimal Magnesium Status Interact with Vitamin D and/or Calcium Status?

Essential Nutrient Interactions: Does Low or Suboptimal Magnesium Status Interact with Vitamin D and/or Calcium Status?

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for magnesium

Health effects of desalinated water: Role of electrolyte disturbance in cancer development

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